Anatomy and Physiology Midterm Review

Its not rocket science 2019

Homeostasis

the ability for an organism to maintain internal equilibrium by changing its physiology process

Anatomical position

the body is assumed to be standing, the feet together, the arms to the side and the head, eyes, and palms of the hands facing forwards

Superior

above, over

inferior

below, under

medial

towards the middle, center of body

proximal

near, closer to the orgin

distal

away from, farther from the orgin

superficial

more external

deep

more internal

Sagittal plane

vertical plane through body, divides right from left

midsagittal plane

sagittal plane that divides body into equal left and right regions

parasagittal plane

sagittal plane that divided the body into unequal right and left regions

frontal/coronal plane

vertical plane through body, divided anterior and posterior regions

transverse plane

horizontal plane through body, divides midsection into superior and inferior regions

Organ systems

skeletal, muscular, circulatory, nervous, respiratory, digestive, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic

excretory system

filters waste

endocrine system

relay chemicals through body

lymphatic system

immunity

cell membrane

forms a bilayer of phospholipids

molecules

lipids composed of protiens, and small amount of carbohydrates

Mitochondria

membranous, elongated fluid filled sacs: transform energy into usable form

Peroxisomes

membranos cells that carry out oxidative reactions, such as oxidation of alcohol in the liver

Lysosomes

membranous, digest bacteria, viruses, antoxins

ER

membranous, transports molecules from one cell part to another

golgi apparatus

membranous, stacked and flattened sacs

Cytoskeleton

nonmembranous, one of two cylinrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubeles and form the asters during mitosis

Centrioles

nonmembranous, one of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis

Ribosomes

nonmembranous, granule contaning protein and RNA; site of protein synthesis

Nucleus

houses genetic material, which directs all cell activity

Differentiation

process by which cells develop differnt characteristics in structure and function

Apoptosis

cell death

4 types of tissue

Epithelia, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

simple

1 layer

stratified

more then 1

shapes

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Where is epithelial tissue found?

lines the body cavities and hollow organs

Microvilli

it increases surface area

Cilia

a whip like motile extension on the surface of certain cells

pseudostratified columnary epithelial tissue

appear stratified but are not

transitional epithelium

is specialized to change in response to increased tension

4 classes of connective tissue

loose (adipose), Dense (tendon), support (cartilage and bone), blood(red marrow)

striated muscle tissue

cardiac, skeletal

voluntary muscle tissue

skeletal

involuntary muscle tissue

smooth muscle, cardiac

skeletal tissue

attatched to bones and skin

cardiac muscle tissue

only in the heart

Smooth muscle tissue

in walls of hallow organs

Where is Nervous tissue found?

eyes, ears, brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

muscle tissues Function

to perceive stimuli and generate nerve impulses to various organs of the body

Skins function

regulate body temp, slow water loss, houses sensory receptors, maintain homeostasis

Layers of the skin

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous

epidermis

most superficial region, lack blood vessels

dermis

middle region, basement membrane, fingerprints

subcutaneous

deepest region, adipose layer, contains major blood vessels

Skin color

result of differance in melanin, genetically determained

Basal cell carcinoma

least malignant, most common cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma

second most common cancer

Melonoma

most dangerous cancer

ABCD rule for melonoma cancer

Asymmetry, border, color, diameter)

Functions on the hair

alerts body to presence of insects on the skin and guards scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

Arretor pili

smooth muscle sttatched to follicle, responsible for goose bumps

Dark hari

abundance of melanin

blonde hair

intermediate

white hair

no melanin

red hair

low + rich trichosiderin

sebaceous glands

found with hair follicles, active at puberty: acne

What percent are burns considered critical?

25% of the body

functions of the skeletal system

provide points of attachment for muscles and portect and support softer tissue

parts of the bones

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, epiphyses, spongy, articular cartilage.

irregular bones-

complicated shapes.

epiphyses-

expanded ends where it forms a joint with another bone

spongy-

numerous branching bony plate with irregular connecting places.

articular cartilage-

layer of hyaline cartilage on joint surfaces.

parts of the skeletal system being to form during __

prenatal development.

ossification center-

in the center of the diaphysis where connective tissue turns into compact bone.

after bones form, and continually remodel them.

osteoclasts and osteblasts.

osteoclasts-

cut down cones

osteoblasts-

build up bones

bone homeostasis-

is regulated by horomones.

compound fractures-

bone penetrates the skin.

simple fracture-

bone does not penetrate skin.

hematoma-

clotting.

fibrocartilage callus forms-

healing.

bony callus formation-

new spongy bone forms.

stages of healing-

hematoma forms. fibrocartilage callus forms, bony callus formation, bone remodeling.

rickets-

bowed legs and bone deformities.

osteoporosis-

loss of bone mass in old age.

paget's disease-

excessive and haphazard bone formation and breakdown.

rheumatoid arthritis-

autoimmune disease which causes joint stiffness and deformity.

excitability-

receive and respond to stimuli.

contractility-

shorten.

elasticity-

recoil.

cardiac muscle tissue-

only in heart. striated, involuntary.

smooth muscle tissue-

in the walls of hollow organs. not sriated, involuntary.

skeletal muscle tissue-

attached to bones and skin. striated, voluntary, powerful.

muscle functions-

movement of bones or fluids. maintaining posture and body position. stabilizing joints. heart generation.

skeletal muscle-

connective tissues covering each.

contraction-

difference in complete and incomplete tetany.

muscle tone-

constant slight contracted state of all muscles.

lactic acid fermentation-

lack of oxygen, body uses this for energy.