Roman Art Quiz 4

Pompeii - Portrait statue of the Priestess Eumachia 

-Eumachia built Eumachia complex

-drawing form julio-claudian models 

-feminine, motherly

Sestertius with carpentum of Agrippina Maior

-an example for other woman who want to create portraits

-align yourself with the values people want to see

-mainlining a durable official image that will not fade

Bust of a matrona in style of Agrippina Maior mid 1st C AD

-mainlining a durable official image that will not fade

Lake Albano: Marcia Furnilla ca AD 79-81

Different direction than other portraits

-imitation of a very famous portrait of aphrodite 

-imitating fame and divinity

Domus Aurea (“The Golden House”)

-A controversial thing Nero does after a large fire in rome

-a showpiece that emphasize popular art trends in Nero’s eyes

-ignores mos marium (not roman)

64-68. AD

-displays Nero holding a victory on an orb and a branch

-Nero with radiate crown

-displays Nero holding a victory on an orb and a branch

-Nero ends his own life when people start to hate him

-very unexpected

-no more julio-claudians

-Vespasian (AD 69-79)

-has military career

-becomes the new leader of Rome

-Violently suppressed the revolt of Godiva

-relatively unknown

-no fancy lineage

-Aureus of Vespasian (ca AD 71)

-very different face from the julio-claudian line (they are oval he is square)

-older than many julio-claudian rulers

-partial veristic style

-partial realistic style (unlike nero who was ‘sun-king’)

Judaea Capta after 73 AD

-a reminder of how important the army is 

-reinforcement of success (suppress the Judaean war)

Rome- Templum Pacis (ca AD 75)

• “Temple of peace”

• Displays goods from jerusalem (Judaean War)

• Displays massive art collection of Nero for people to enjoy)

Flavians are responsible for “The Flavian amphitheater” (Colosseum) (72 AD)

-Orginal inscriptions indicate that this project was financed by Vespasian 

-Legitimize the flavian claim to power (a generous patron)

Domitian wearing the civic wreath (corona civica) (81-96) - naples

-Father was Vespasian and then his brother ruled

-feels inadequate (was too young to fight in the Judaean war)

-not a mentally stable person

-becomes self-indulgent and isolating

-keen to make people believe he is legitimate 

-senate has to nominate you for corona civica

Rome- Arch of Titus (ca ad 81)

-Reconstruction under Giuseppe Valadier (1824)

-Rabirius as architect?

-Domitian wants to show people he is valid by drawing a connection to his family

-Top: attic inscription: doesn’t mention Domitian but mentions his older brother Titus

-Apotheosis of titus from soffit of the arch at Arch of Titus (ca ad 81)

 -Titus becoming a god

-Domitian is related to a god

-Panel relief at the arch at Arch of Titus (ca ad 81)

-soldiers walking in the Flavian triumphal parade

Triumphal panel relief of Titus at the arch at Arch of Titus (ca ad 81)

-Titus is celebrating triumph in a triumphal parade with goddess Victory

-Domitian is using the accomplishments of his brother to display his own victory

-direct not an alegory

 [Musei Vaticani] (AD 83?) - Relief A: Perfectio (departure) for campaigns against the Chatti

-too complex for the reception of the message 

-has war gods mars and minerva
-Goddess who is supporting Domitian in unexpected: An embodiment of Rome and samples from the greek depiction of the amazon warriors who are a women that fight like men

[Musei Vaticani] (AD 83?) - Relief B:  Adventus - Post-69 reconciliation of Vespasian and Domitian

-related to Vespasian’s early reign 

-reinforce the idea that Domitian is the son of Vespasian - becomes overkill

Marble funerary altar of Cominia Tyche; ca AD 90 

-sculptural changeover of hair: more voluminous than julio-claudius woman

-more abstract 

Bust of a Flavian woman (bust of Fonseca) (early 2 C AD)

-A more natural representation of the new flavian style of hair

-demonstrating more variation of hair

-Worthy of imitation

Portrait of Caligula reworked into Augustus (og AD 37-41) (reworked ca AD 41-54)

-Damnatio Memoriae: ‘condemnation of memory’

-the state says you are now an unperson and cancels your name and image to erase

you from society 

-law meets art 

-portraiture is serious

-didn’t want to completely destroy marble statues

-messes with proportions 

     -head looks squashed

Equestrian Statue of Domitian, his face is later replaced with that of his successor Nerva, Sacellum of the Augustus Misenum, AD 95

-strange proportions due to replacing face

-Damnatio Memoriae: ‘condemnation of memory’

-the state says you are now an unperson and cancels your name and image to erase

you from society 

-law meets art 

-asks ‘does this make you forget the previous person, or remember them more?’

Marcus Cocceius Nerva born 8 Nov AD 30

-promised to become ruler as long as he chooses a good successor 

-chooses Trajan

Marcus Ulpius Traianus (AD 98-117)

-great soldier

-adopted by Nerva

-isn’t difficult to look good because Domitian was so bad

-trajan and Nerva to demonstrate familial connection and being the pious son

-Bust of Trajan in the British museum (AD 108-117)

-Decennalia = 10-year anniversary type

-demonstrate Trajan as a hard working great ruler

Chiragan Roman Villa - Bust of Trajan (ca AD 108)

-makes him look sound

-attach the Augustan notion that a good emperor is a good citizen who is a good patron - generous

-hair looks like he is a hard working soldier

-highlight the virtuality of the person but also remind people of past rulers who were admired

Plotina, Wife of Trajan (ca AD 110-120)

-updo is similar to flavian women - voluminous

-less abstract and complex

-less worked 

-continued use of added hair

Hadrian (AD 117-138)

-period of adoptive succession 

-trajan trains him to be the first citizen 

-Trajan’s image speaks to the soldiers

-Hadrain speaks to the cultivated sophisticate

-big fan of greek culture 

-Greaculus: little greekling - a mocking nickname 

-has a beard to show his affinity for greekness 

Adoptio denarius struck 117

-shows that him and Trajan are aligned to reinsure the army

Bronze Bust of Hadrian, found at the Camp of the 6th Roman Legion in Tel Shalem

-a lot of patronage for Hadrian

Vibia Sabina (wife of Hadrian) vix 83-136/7

-No longer any flavian features

-more inspired by classicalism

-idealistic 

Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161)

-comes to power in boring times

-born in suburbs of rome and never leave Italy - opposite of Hadrian

-continues portrait ideology of Hadrian

Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180)

-raised as perfect prince

-born to be a philosopher emperor 

-Similar to octavian - was painted in imperial art at a young age

-does not go for adoptive succession

M. Aurelius - equestrian statue ca AD 176 ?

-around 22 of the equestrian monument 

-only one that survives because it is misidentified 

-an icon of the city of Rome 

-image program is a construct 

-what do you want the view to see - the state program believes that the actual identity is not important but instead to view his official virtues 

Fayum: severan family portrait ca AD 200

-Damnatio Memoriae: ‘condemnation of memory’

-the state says you are now an unperson and cancels your name and image to erase

you from society 

-law meets art 

-portraiture is serious

also

the woman is Julia Domna

 mater castrorum (mother of the military camps)

-she is the mother of the empire

-Julia’s image is an anchor for her husbands and sons’ power

-Aemilius Paullus’ monument at delphi 167 BC

-monument is permanent 

-most of the art is painted or built of temporary materials 

-asks “what if the audience isn’t just the immediate one, but what if it is everyone for all of time?”

-very roman, very direct

So called altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus at rome

-Southern Campus Martius 1st BC 

-important early point in military commemoration

-a sacrocivic scene 

-various kinds of figures that are legible

-recognizable images

-want you audience to understand the image

-civic scenes and sacrifice sense 

Parthenon (447-432 BC) Athens

-the greek program relies on allegory (picture with a hidden meaning)

-Augustus uses this idea in the Tellus Portrait in the Ara Pacis

Ad Locutio “address given by a general usually to massed soldiers”

-the visuals make nero appear good

Aphrodisias (Caria) - Sebasteion (1st C AD)

-Sebasteion means “beloved by the gods”

-A monument for not just augustus, but the idea of augustus 

-show that someone is looking at the state’s image program

Column of trajan - frieze AD 101/102, 105-107

-helical frieze 

-continuous narrative 

-made of great quality marble

-things are as you expect them to be 

-who is roman vs who isn't

Anaglypha Traiani or Plutei Traiani (2 C AD [end of trajan beginning of hadrian])

-still a need for mondaine art - state cancelation of tax debts 

-there is a setting in the art which possibly helps with meaningfulness 

Panels Reliefs of Marcus Aurelius (ca 176)

-most developed examples of the Emperor doing what you think he should be doing

-Aurelius is at capitoline hill doing a sacrifice

-an engineered seen with a balance of the historical and abstract for the viewer to get the message

The aurelian triumph panel (2nd C AD)

-triumphing general is on the parade route 

-doing what you think he should do

-expected duty 

Collunna Antonina (1D 180)

-Commemorates Marcus’ triumph over Marcomanni

-not as good as column of Trajan

-not executed as well (bad math with a looser helix)

-still a need for this type of media communication

Rome - arch of constantine; 312-315 AD

-Constantine came to power after civil war

-a new monument where constantine is demonstrating himself as the savior of the state

-look at past great leaders

-any positive feelings you have for them will transfer to him

-reused sculptural elements of past programs

-inscription at the top tells you who Constantine is and why he is good

-this expects a lot of the viewer