auburn biology 1021 lab final

Lab 1: What did caffeine do to the heart rate of Daphnia?

Caffeine sped up the heart rate

Lab 1: What did ethanol do to the heart rate of the Daphnia?

Ethanol slowed it down

Lab 1: Anatomy of daphnia

Lab 1: Know major parts of dissecting scope

Look in lab manual (1-4)

Lab 1: One or more factors that the scientist varies during the experiment

Independent variable

Lab 1: A feature that the scientist measures in order to determine if it changes in response to the independent variable

Dependent variable

range

median

mean

mode

difference between highest and lowest value

number in the middle

average

number that occurs the most

Lab 2: What solutions are used to test for the 4 types of organic molecules?

Iodine -- polysaccharide (starch)

Benedict's Reagent -- Sugar

Brown Paper Bag and Vegetable Oil--Lipids

Biuret Test - protein

Lab 2: What does a positive test look like for the vegetable oil test for lipids? Negative?

Positive vegetable oil test: 1 layer

Negative vegetable oil test: 2 layers

Lab 2: What does a positive test look like for the Biuret test for proteins? negative?

Positive Biuret Test: violet color

Negative Biuret Test: pinkish

Lab 2: What does a positive test look like for the Benedict's Reagent for sugar?

NEGATIVE: BLUE any other color is positive

green: very low

yellow: low

yellow/orange: medium

orange: high

red/orange: very high

Lab 2: What does a positive test look like for the Iodine test for polysaccharides (starch) ?

Purple/blue/black indicates starch is present

Lab 2: Know functional groups

See lab manual

Don't worry about molecules in self test -- be able to identify functional groups in those molecules tho

Lab 3: Study metric system chart

lab manual

Lab 3: What is the formula for Celsius to Fahrenheit?

F= (9/5)C + 32

Lab 3: What is the formula for Fahrenheit to Celsius?

C= 5/9 (F- 32)

Lab 3: Compound scope magnification equation

Eyepiece magnification X scope magnification

Lab 3: Resolution equation (know how to plug in numbers)

r = 0.61 (lambda)/ N.A.

r: resolution

lambda: wavelength of light _ 0.54 micrometers = lambda

N.A.: numerical aperture of the objective lens

Lab 3: Know major parts of compound microscope

lab manual

Lab 3: How do you estimate the length of a specimen?

low power: 4.2 mm

medium power: 1.4 mm

high power: 0.35 mm

multiply estimated length/ how much of field specimens takes up to the length of the field

Lab 4: Be able to identify cells and cell conditions

Lab manual/ in slides

Lab 4: Be able to identify items from cell ultrastructure images

Examples in lab manual and on canvas

Lab 5: How does the size of the molecule affect the rate of diffusion?

The larger the size of the molecule, the less distance is traveled when diffused w/ another molecule

Lab 5: How does the temperature of the molecule affect the rate of diffusion?

The rate of simple diffusion is increased when the temperature is increased

Lab 5: Why did some bags lose weight in the dialysis bag experiment?

Hypotonic: inside bag

Hypertonic: outside bag

dH2O is moving from hypotonic to hypertonic

(dH2O in NaCl)

Lab 5: Why did some bags gain weight in the dialysis bag experiment?

Hypertonic: inside bag

Hypotonic: outside bag

dH2O is moving from hypotonic environment to hypertonic

(NaCl in dH2O)

Lab 5: Why did the salt solution plasmolyze Elodea and what did it look like?

Salt solution is hypertonic compared to plant cells

The cells looked like the inside had shrunk but the cell wall remained the same size

Lab 6: What are enzymes and what do they do?

Enzymes are proteins

They make reactions occur more rapidly by lowering activation energy

Lab 6: Product used in the reaction

Benzoquinone

Lab 6: Enzyme used in reaction

Catechol oxidase

Lab 6: Substrate used in reaction

Catechol

Lab 6: How did the temperature affect enzyme activity for the enzyme used in this lab?

Higher temperature reduces activity

Lab 6: How did the pH affect enzyme activity for the enzyme used in this lab?

pH<4 or pH> 8 reduces activity

Lab 7: Yeast undergoes ______ when it is lacking _____

Fermentation, O2

Lab 7: CO2 is a by product of ____

Fermentation

Lab 7: Crickets and beans perform ________ to make _______

Respiration, energy

Lab 7: Crickets and beans inhale ____ to produce _____

O2, CO2

Lab 7: How does measuring CO2 production relate to respiration and fermentation in yeast, germinating beans, and crickets?

When each respirates they produce CO2

Lab 7: What is the difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation

Fermentation only occurs when O2 isn't present `

Lab 7: The process by which organisms get energy (ATP) from their food molecules

Cellular respiration

Lab 7: Produces 2 molecules of ethanol, 2 molecules of CO2, and 2 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis

Alcohol fermentation

Lab 7: Produces 2 molecules of lactic acid (lactate) and 2 ATPs are produced for every molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis

Lactic acid fermentation

Lab 7: What does the heat of respiration represent?

The heat lost during respiration

Lab 7: What is the bromythbol blue experiment?

It changes color in the presence of CO2

More CO2 in light because light causes photosynthesis which releases CO2

Elodea grown in light=yellow= much produced

Elodea grown in dark= green - some CO2 produced

Blue= no CO2 present

Lab 8: how does chromatography work and which pigments were separated from the leaf?

chromatography papers have fibers of a certain size

-carotene, chlorophyll A, and chlorophyll B

1. orange-yellow

2. yellow

3. grassy yellow

4. yellow green

Lab 8: what is fluorescence and what causes it?

long wavelength of light produced by electron as it falls to a lower level

Lab 8: what colors are useful for photosynthesis and what are least useful?

green = not useful

-only color reflected in plants

all others are absorbed

Lab 8: what is the difference between reflect and absorbed light?

reflected: colors seen

absorbed: colors not seen

Lab 8: where is starch stored?

plant's vacuole

Lab 8: how does light vs dark affect starch storage?

light does not affect starch storage

Lab 8: how does measuring O2 level relate to photosynthesis?

plants produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

Lab 9/10: What happens in mitosis?

a 4-stage process that creates 2 identical cells from one original cell

Lab 9/10: first and longest stage of mitosis

-chromosomes become visible

-centrioles separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

prophase

Lab 9/10: second stage of mitosis

-chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

-become connected to the spindle fiber at their centromere

metaphase

Lab 9/10: 3rd stage of mitosis

-sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are pulled a part

anaphase

Lab 9/10: 4th stage of mitosis

-chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell (lose distance rod-like shapes).

-2 new nuclear membranes form around each other of the 2 regions of DNA and the spindle fibers disappear

telophase

Lab 9/10: process that follows the last stage of mitosis

-2 complete copies of DNA now in different regions of one cell (cell membrane pinches and divides in 1/2)

-result: 2 individual cells that are identical to the original call

cytokinesis

Lab 9/10: a period of cell growth and normal activity

-between mitosis and cell cycle

interphase

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-DNA coils into chromosomes

-nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

-mitotic spindle forms

-synapsis (crossing-over) occurs

prophase 1

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-tetrads line up randomly along midline

-spindle fibers attach to centromere of each homologous chromosome

metaphase 1

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell

anaphase 1

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-chromosomes reach opposite end of cell and cytokinesis begins

meiosis 1

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-spindle fibers form and move to the chromosomes toward the midline of the dividing cell

prophase 2

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-chromosomes move to midline of the diving cell

-facing opposite poles of dividing cell

metaphase 2

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-chromatids separate

-move toward opposite poles of the cell

anaphase 2

Lab 9/10: meiosis:

-nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells

telophase 2

Lab 9/10: be able to identify different mitotic/meiotic stages in cell slides and structures

noted on the slides posted on canvas

Lab 9/10: containing 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (somatic cells)

diploid

Lab 9/10: having a single set of unpaired chromosomes (gametes/sex cells)

haploid

Lab 9/10: know what is on the charts from the lab 9 self-test and meiosis chart

lab manual

Lab 11: questions will be like those on the

genetics 1-4 homework assignments

Lab 11: both alleles for a trait are dominant in an individual

homozygous dominant

Lab 11: both alleles for a trait are recessive in an individual

homozygous recessive

Lab 11: differing alleles for a trial in an individual (Yy)

heterozygous

Lab 11: the different forms of a gene.

allele

Lab 11: the genetic constitution of an organism with respect to a trait; for a single trait on an autosome, an individual can be homozygous for a dominant trait, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive trait

genotype

Lab 11: the physical appearance of an organism with respect to a trait

phenotype

Lab 11: Know how to predict genotypic and phenotypic ratios for "monohybrid" crosses (really meaning concern with a single gene), and how to work backwards to determine the likely genotypes of parents (it helps a lot if you can do Punnett squares)

look online or in handout for help

Lab 11: Know how to predict phenotypic ratios for "dihybrid" crosses (really meaning crosses with two independently inherited genes), and how to work backwards to determine the likely genotypes of parents (it helps a lot if you can do Punnett squares, and if you treat each gene separately)

look online or in handout for help

Lab 11: what is an x-linked (sex-linked) trait and how do you determine the parental genotypes of given offspring phenotypes?

*genes for these traits occur on the X chromosomes.

-no heterozygous state in males

-only females can be carriers

Lab 11: at least 50% of people have specific trait

autosomal dominant

Lab 11: skips at least one generation

autosomal recessive

Lab 11: specific traits skips at least one generation, usually found in males

x-linked

Lab 11: know how to identify parts in pedigrees

*read info above and in handout

Lab 11: know how to do chi-square tests for genetic crosses

look at equation in handout

Lab 12: how do electrophoresis work? look in manual to in detail information

they can be used to analyze hemoglobin in blood in order to detect the carrier of a genetic disease

Lab 12: What is sickle cell anemia?

an autosomal recessive trait, a patient with this as fewer red blood cells than a person with normal hemoglobin

Lab 12: genotype sickle cell anemia:

H^AH^A

person has normal hemoglobin, no disease

Lab 12: genotype sickle cell anemia:

H^AH^S

person is a "carrier"; half of their hemoglobin is normal; self is abnormal; these people usually aren't anemic

Lab 12: genotype sickle cell anemia:

H^SH^S

person has a sickle cell anemia and thus has very severe anemia

Lab 12: what cell barriers had to be disrupted to get the DNA out of the cells, and ow were those barriers disrupted? (strawberry experiment)

-the cell membrane and cell wall had to be disrupted

-smashing the strawberry disrupted the cell wall and the cell membrane was disrupted by the soap in the detergent

Lab 12: what caused the strawberry DNA to precipitate?

the alcohol added to the solution then causes the DNA to precipitate out

Lab 12: What does the DNA in the strawberry look like?

white, cloudy or find stringy substance

Lab 13: Hardy Winberg equilibrium equation

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1

(for 2 alleles A & a)

Lab 13: what does "p" represent?

Frequency of A

Lab 13: what does "q" represent?

frequency of a

Lab 13: What does "p^2" represent?

frequency of AA

Lab 13: What does "q^2" represent?

frequency of aa

Lab 13: What does "2pq" represent?

frequency of Aa

Lab 13: What does "p+q" represent?

frequency of individuals