Anatomy - Ch 10 Muscle Gross Anatomy

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60 Terms

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movement, stability, control of openings, heat production, and glycemic control
muscle functions include what?
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moving from place to place; moving body parts; moving body contents in breathing, circulation, and digestion; in communication it is used for speech, writing, facial expression, and other nonverbal communications
examples of movement in muscles
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maintain posture by preventing unwanted movements; antigravity muscles that prevent us from falling over; stabilizes joints by maintaining tension
examples of stability in muscles
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the sphincters are internal muscular rings that control the movement of food, blood, and other materials within the body
examples of muscles controlling openings and passageways
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they produce as much as 85% of our body heat; they are burning through ATP because of sodium potassium pumps and thick and thin filaments that slide past each other generate frictional heat
example of heat production by skeletal muscles
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glycemic control
muscles absorb and store glucose which helps regulate blood sugar concentration within the normal range
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600
about how many human skeletal muscles?
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about half
how much of our body weight do muscles constitute?
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skeletal, cardiac, smooth
what are the three kinds of muscle tissue?
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converting the chemical energy in ATP into the mechanical energy of motion
what is the one major purpose muscles are specialized for?
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myology
the study of the muscular system
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sarcomeres
the unit that takes chemical energy and converts it into mechanical force
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epimysium
the fibrous sheath surrounding the entire muscle; the outer surface grades into the fascia and the inner surface projections form the perimysium
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fascia
the sheet of connective tissue that separates neighboring muscles or muscle groups from each other and the subcutaneous tissue
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similarities: both are made of lots of collagen fibers; differences: the fascia connects muscle to bone while the epimysium holds the muscle together; the epimysium is much thinner than the fascia
what are the similarities and differences between the epimysium and the fascia?
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endomysium
the thin sleeve of loose connective tissue around each fiber that insulates them; it allows room for capillaries and nerve fibers; it provides the chemical environment for muscle fiber
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there would be problems with contraction since it is important for partial activation of skeletal muscle
what would happen if there was no endomysium?
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perimysium
the thick layer of connective tissue that wraps fascicles; carries nerves, blood vessels, and stretch receptors
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fascicles
bundles of muscle fibers wrapped together
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yes
are all individual muscle cells electrically active?
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the orientation of its fascicles
what is the strength of a muscle and the direction of its pull partly determined by?
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fusiform muscles
muscles that are thick in the middle and tapered at each end; examples include the biceps brachii and triceps brachii
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parallel muscles
muscles that have uniform width and parallel fascicles; examples include rectus abdominis and transverse abdominis
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triangular (convergent) muscles
muscles that are broad at one end and narrow at the other; example is the deltoid
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pennate muscles
feather shaped muscles; one big band of connective tissue with muscle fibers attached to it
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unipennate
fascicles approach tendon from one side
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bipennate
fascicles approach tendon from both sides
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multipennate
bunches of feathers converge to a single point
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circular muscles (sphincters)
form rings around body openings; example is orbicularis oculi
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muscle compartment
a group of functionally related muscles enclosed by fascia ; also contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the muscle group
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intermuscular septa
very thick fascia that separate one compartment from another
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they isolate muscles so pathogens have a difficult time spreading; they efficiently group muscle nerves and blood vessels; they allow for better activation of muscle; group muscles with similar functions together
what is the purpose of muscle compartments?
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tendons
example of indirect attachment to bone
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tendons
connect muscle to bone
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the collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon and from there into the periosteum and matrix of bone; collagen fibers of the tendon merge with the collagen of the periosteum and the tendon is embedded in compact bone tissue
how does a tendon connect?
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aponeurosis
tendon is a broad, flat sheet of connective tissue (large sheet of collagen that multiple muscles are anchored to)
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retinaculum
connective tissue band that tendons from separate muscles pass under; makes sure movement of muscles and tendons past each other does not cause inflammation
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direct (fleshy) attachment
attachment to bone in which there is little separation between the muscle and bone; the muscle seems to emerge directly from the bone; flat bones have lots of these attachments associated with them
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some muscles attach on the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis; example is many facial muscles attach to the skin
what is another place muscles attach besides to the bone?
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origin
closer to heart
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insertion
farther from heart
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intrinsic muscle
entirely contained within a region, such as the hand so the muscle performs the action where it is located; examples are the flexor digitorum brevis and the muscles of the abdomen
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extrinsic muscle
acts on a designated region, but has one attachment elsewhere so they send their force of contraction to a different part of the body; examples include the muscles of the forearm that help the wrist and hand move
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action
effect produced by a muscle to produce or prevent movement
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prime mover, synergist, antagonist, and fixator
what are the four categories of muscle action?
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prime mover (agonist)
muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action
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synergist
muscle that aids the primer mover; it may contribute additional force, modify the direction of the movement, or stabilize a nearby joint
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antagonist
opposes the primary mover; prevents excessive movement; sometimes relaxes to give prime mover control over an action
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antagonistic pairs
muscles that act on opposite sides of a joint; example: triceps brachii and biceps brachii
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fixator
muscle that prevents movement of bone and keeps bones stable (built in shock absorber); examples: wrist and ankle (between the carpals and tarsals)
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innervation of a muscle
refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it
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enables diagnosis of nerve, spinal cord, and brainstem injuries from muscle tests
what does knowing innervation help us do?
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they arise from the spinal cord; they emerge through intervertebral foramina and then immediately branch into posterior and anterior rami; they innervate the muscles below the neck
where do spinal nerves arise from?
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plexus
web-like network of spinal nerves adjacent to the vertebral column
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cranial nerves
these nerves arise from the base of the brain; they emerge through skull foramina and innervate the muscles of the head and neck
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12; numbered CN 1 to CN XII
how many cranial nerves are there and how are they numbered?
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about 1.24 L of blood per minute at rest which is one-quarter of the blood pumped by the heart
muscular system receives how much blood?
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three-quarters
during heavy exercise, total cardiac output rises and the muscular system’s share is more than what amount of the blood supply?
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endomysium
capillaries branch extensively through what to reach every muscle fiber?
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latin names; or can describe distinctive aspects of the structure, location, or action of a muscle
how are muscles named?