the human body

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

To convert food into small molecules that can be used by body cells.

What 4 phases are part of the digestive system?

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Function of small intestine

Absorb nutrients

Function of large intestine

Absorb water and vitamins

parts of the exretory system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

function of kidneys

filter blood and produce urine

function of liver

Produces bile, stores glycogen, produces blood plasma proteins and detoxifies substances in blood

Purpose of the circulatory system

Carries oxygen and other useful substances to bodily tissues, and removes waste substances.

function of the heart

To pump blood around the body

Right side of the heart

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Left side of the heart

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Veins

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Infectious disease

when microorganisms disrupt normal body functions

Pathogens

Microorganisms that cause disease

Nonspecific Defenses

protect the person against all microorganisms, regardless of prior exposure

examples of nonspecific defenses

skin, mucus, fevers, inflammatory responses

Specific Defenses

Immune functions directed against identifiable bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other infectious agents./ immune system

antigen

any foreign substance that triggers a response in the immune system

antibodies

Proteins produced that help destroy antigens

immune system

Mainly produces B cells and T cells while also protecting the body from antigens and remembering them

"Self" in the immune system

immune system recognizes normal body cells as "self" and doesn't interfere with those cells

"nonself" in the immune system

immune system recognizes irregular body cells as "nonself" and works to destroy/ remember those cells

What do plasma cells produce

antibodies

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids

cell-mediated immunity

type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells

Role of the memory cells

Remembers a pathogen in case it infects the body again

Types of T cells

Helper T cells

Cytotoxic T cells, and

Memory T cells

Types of B cells

plasma cells and memory cells

Immune system disorders

When the immune system overracts or doesnt react this can cause things like allergies, asthma, autoimmune diseases, HIV and AIDS

nervous system

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.

Neurons

Nerve cells that carry messages through electrical signals/ impulses

Sense organs

eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds

central nervous system

Spinal cord and brain work together to process and send out responses to tissues, muscles, and glands

3 types of neurons

Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, Interneurons

Sensory neurons

Carry impulises from sense organs

Motor neurons

Carry impulses from central nervous system to tissues, muscles and glands

Interneurons

Processes information from sensory neurons and sends commands to other interneurons/motor neurons

How do neurons carry info

They use special proteins located in cell membranes to create small electrical currents

Resting neurons

have high [K+] inside cell and a high [Na+] outside the cell

Action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement.

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, rib cage/ supports central axis of body

appendicular skeleton

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Bones

Living tissue made from living cells and proteins fibers. They store minerals

Yellow bone marrow

contains cells that store fat

Red bone marrow

contains cells that produce most types of blood cells

joints

Areas where two or more bones join together

immovable joints

joint that allows little or no movement

ball and socket joint

Allow movement in many directions (hips and shoulders)

hinge joints

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane. (Found in elbows, knees, and ankles)

saddle joints

Only one pair exists and is between the thumb and wrist. (Allows thumb to move across palm)

pivot joint

rotating bone turns around an axis (Allows you to turn arm at the elbow and shakes head)

Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

Skeletal muscles

the muscles attached to bones that enable you to move

Smooth muscles

the muscles found in organs, blood vessels, and glands

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

Skin

Made up of epidermis, dermis, a layer of fat (hypodermis), ad loose connective tissue

function of integumentary system

protection from environmental hazards; temperature control

Endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones.

Exocrine glands

Release sweat, tears, and digestive enzymes

pituitary gland

produces hormones that regulate endocrine glands/organs

Hypothalamus

makes hormones that control the pituitary gland

Target cells

cells that receive signals from certain hormones and are affected by them

2 hormonal groups

steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones

Steroid hormones

Lipids that easily cross cell membranes that attach to the nucleus and can change patterns of genes in target cells

nonsteroid hormones

Normally cannot pass through cell membrane and attach to the membrane which them affects target cell activities

What begins when a neuron is stimulated by another neuron in its environment?

impulse

What is the function of the central nervous system?

relay messages, process info, and analyze info

What category of sensory receptors detects pressure?

mechanoreceptors

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the eye?

rods and cones

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

brain and spinal cord

____ are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

neurotransmitters

This is the control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, body temp.

hypothalamus

Which part of the peripheral N.S. regulates activities under conscious control?

somatic

Which branch of the peripheral N.S. would be responsible for decreasing heart rate?

parasympathetic

The reversal of charges inside the axon is called an

action potential

The neurotransmitter released into the neuromuscular junction

acetylcholine

Cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of

ossification

Blood cells are made in the

bone marrow

Bones are held to bones my connective tissue called

ligaments

There are ___ bones in the human body

206

Type of muscle found only in the heart

cardiac

In the muscle, the thin filaments contain the protein

myosin

A place where one bone attaches to another bone

joint

The outermost layer of a bone

periosteum

Bones are mostly made of

calcium and salts

Type of muscle not under voluntary control

smooth

The ear is responsible for

hearing and balance

__ carry impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body.

dendrite

__ is the minimum level of stimulus required to activate a neuron

threshold

This part of the brain assures that the body can move efficiently

cerebellum

Place where a neuron can transfer an impulse to another cell.

synapse

What type of joint is the hip?

ball and socket

__ cells attack foreign substances or organisms

White Blood

What forms a blood clot?

Platelets