Ap euro Unit 0

Ecclesiastical:

Anything related to the Christian church or its clergy.

Papacy:

The papacy is the office, authority, and system of government of the pope

Secular:

Not tied to religion

Bureaucracy:

A system of management in a government where things are run by unelected officials following strict rules, clear chains of command, and standardized procedures

Hegemony

: The overwhelming control, dominance, or influence of one group, country, or culture over others

-Virulent:

Virulent is an adjective that describes a disease or poison that is extremely dangerous, fast-acting, and hard to fight off, or behavior and speech that is full of bitter malice

-Arable

: Land fit for farming

-Laypeople

: Regular people who do not have special training, skills, or knowledge in a specific subject

Penance

: An action you take to show you are sorry for a mistake or sin and to try to make things right

Fumigating

: Using gas, smoke, or fumes to kill pests, germs, or bad bacteria in a room or building

Flagellants

: a person who whips or beats themselves (or another person) as a form of religious penance, discipline, or sexual gratification

Aerating

: Aerating is the process of making small holes in the soil to let air, water, and food reach grass roots

-Taille

: A tax formerly levied by a French king or seigneur on his subjects or on lands held of him

-Per capita

: per unit of population: by or for each person

-Pogroms

: An organized massacre of helpless people; specifically, such a massacre of Jews

-Jacquerie

: A peasant’s revolt

-Yersinia pestis

: A type of bacteria that caused the black plague

Guilds

: An organized group of people who share the same job, craft, or common interest

Patrician

: A person of high social rank, a noble, or an aristocrat

Clerical

: Of, relating to, or characteristic of the 4

3-field system

: A medieval method where farmland is split into 3 sections: one planted with autumn crops, one with spring crops, and an empty one to rest (usually for winter)

Benefice

: An ecclesiastical office to which the revenue from an endowment is attached

Antipapal

: Against the pope and the Roman Catholic church

Indulgence

: a certificate issued by the Catholic Church that reduced a person's time in purgatory by canceling the temporal punishment of sin.

Papacy

: The office, authority, and system of government of the Pope, who serves as the head of the Roman Catholic Church

Centralized

: The action of giving control of a country, organization, or system to a group of people in one single, central place

Formidable

: Something or someone that inspires fear, dread, or respect because of great power, size, strength, or dignity

Estates General

- a historic representative assembly in France that brought together the three social orders—the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners—to advise the king or approve new taxes

Barons

: A member of the lowest rank of the British peerage or a powerful and wealthy leader in a specific industry.

Vassal:

A person in medieval Europe who received land and protection from a lord in exchange for loyalty, taxes, and military service

Repugnant

: Causing a strong feeling of distaste or aversion

Treaty of Troyes

- an agreement during the Hundred Years' War that disinherited the French heir and named England's King Henry V as successor to the French throne

Endemic

: Native to a particular locality or region

Embargoed

An official government order that bans or restricts trade and commerce with a specific foreign country

Vassalage

: The legal and social relationship between a vassal and a monarch where the vassal pledges loyalty to a monarch.

Coalition

: A temporary alliance or union of distinct people, groups, or political parties that join together to work toward a common goal

Enclave

: A place or group that is entirely surrounded by a much larger foreign area

Besieged

: Surrounded by enemy forces, crowds, or an overwhelming number of requests and demands

Deliverance:

The act of being rescued, set free, or saved from danger, captivity, or a painful situation

Inquisitor

: An official who investigates matters (Catholic judge to root out heresy)

Juggernauts

: A massive, inexorable force, campaign, movement, or object that crushes whatever is in its path

Heresy

: A belief that goes against the orthodox religious doctrine

Dispensations

: Exemption from a law or an oath

Hegemony

leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

Simony

: The sin or crime of buying and selling church offices, spiritual privileges, or sacred things

Plenitude of Power

: a medieval papal doctrine giving the pope supreme, universal authority over both spiritual and secular (temporal) matters within the Church and Christian society.

Benefices

: a paid church office or position that gave a cleric a sacred job and the right to collect annual money from its lands or taxes

Unam Sanctam

: a 1302 papal bull (official decree) by Pope Boniface VIII that declared the pope supreme over all secular rulers, including kings

Avignon Papacy

: a period when seven successive popes lived and ruled from Avignon, France, instead of Rome

Ecclesiastical

: Anything relating to the Christian church and it’s orginization and clergy

Lollards

: An early form of protestants in England led by John Wycliffe.

Hussites.

: A Czech Christian movement in the 15th Century led by Jan Hus, who criticized corruption in the Catholic church.

Bohemia

: A historical region in Central Europe and a lifestyle or community of unconventional artists and free spirits.

Bourges

: A historic city in central France, and its name comes from the ancient Celtic Gallic tribe called the Bituriges.

Gallican

: Relating to Gallicanism, a movement that originated in France and advocated for independence from the control of the Pope in every nation.

Annates

: A payment and historical tax or payment from the newly appointed church official from their first year of income to the Pope or church authorities.

Transubstantiation

: The changing of the elements of bread and wine, when they are consecrated in the Eucharist, into the body and blood of Christ.

Egalitarian

: asserting, resulting from, or characterized by the belief of equality of all people, especially in political, economic, or social life.

Donatism

: a Christian heresy that arose in North Africa during the 4th century, which argued that the validity of religious sacraments depended on the moral purity of the priest administering them.

Sacraments

: sacred Christian rituals that the Catholic Church taught were the visible, outward signs of God's invisible grace and the primary way believers received salvation.

Communion

: the central Christian sacrament involving the consecration and consumption of bread and wine

Papacy

: The system of ecclesiastical government in which the pope is recognized as the supreme head

Bondage

: Slavery or involuntary servitude

Cardinal

: High-ranking leaders of the Catholic Church who elect and assist the pope.

Curia

: The papal government

Great Schism

: A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378–1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office.

Conclave

: The place in which the cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church meet in private for the election of a pope.

Papal bull:

An official public decree or charter issued by the pope of the Catholic Church.

Laity

: The members of a religious faith who are not part of the clergy.

Conciliar theory

a 14th- and 15th-century reform movement in the Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided in a general church council, rather than in the pope.

Biblical

: Of, occurring in, or referring to the Bible

Cession

: Act of ceding, as by treaty

Conciliar

: Something relating to or proceeding from a council, especially an ecclesiastical one.

Magnanimous

: Generous or forgiving, especially toward a rival or less person.

Magistrate

: A civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that desals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones.

Laypeople

: Regular church members

Humanism

: Intellectual movement.

Doctrine

: Official religious beliefs or teachings that are made by a church

Laity

: These are normal church members who do not hold a religious job as clergy

Clergy

: The formal body of people ordained or officially authorized to lead religious services, teach doctrines, and provide spiritual guidance within a religious tradition.

Papal prestige

: Political standing of the Pope and the Catholic papacy

Secular

: A focus on worldly, non-religious things.

Eucharist

: Central Christian rite where bread and wine are blessed to remember Jesus Christ’s sacrifice

High Renaissance

: A period in Italian art from 1490-1527

Execrabillas

: Extremely bad, appalling, or utterly detestable

Papal

: Has to do with the pope, the papacy, or the Roman Catholic Church

Magistrates

: Lower-court judicial officers or civilian community volunteers who handle minor legal cases, preliminary hearings, and administrative matters.