Exam 4

Diabetes Mellitus

A chronic disease characterized by deficient glucose metabolism.

Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes resulting from insulin deficiency.

Type 2 Diabetes

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes resulting from insulin resistance.

Hyperglycemia

A condition characterized by an excessive amount of glucose in the blood.

Hypoglycemia

A condition marked by an abnormally low level of blood glucose.

Dawn Phenomenon

A natural increase in blood sugar levels in the early morning.

Somogyi Effect

High morning blood sugar levels caused by low blood sugar during the night.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening condition resulting from insufficient insulin, leading to high blood sugar and accumulation of ketones.

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

A serious condition where high blood sugar results in dehydration and absence of ketones.

HbA1c

A blood test that measures average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst, common in diabetes due to dehydration from high blood sugar.

Polyuria

Excessive urination, a symptom of diabetes due to the kidney's attempt to excrete excess glucose.

Polyphagia

Increased hunger, common in diabetes as the body is unable to use glucose for energy.

Glycemic Index

A measure of how fast a food increases blood glucose levels.

Ketonuria

Presence of ketones in the urine, typically indicating inadequate insulin levels.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

A test to measure the body’s response to glucose, diagnosing diabetes.

C-peptide Test

A test indicating how much insulin is being produced by the pancreas.