Bio finals complete study guide

Solution

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Passive Transport

Movement across a membrane without the use of ATP

Active Transport

Movement across a membrane with the use of ATP

Simple Diffusion

Movement of solutes from high to low concentration without the use of ATP

Concentration Gradient

A difference in concentration of a solute between two areas or sides of a membrane

Net Diffusion

Overall movement or most of solute

Equilibrium

All molecules are evenly spread

Facilitated diffusion

A type of diffusion that moves solutes from high to low concentration across a membrane but through a transport protein.

Channel Protein

Proteins with interior that is hydrophilic/polar so polar/hydrophilic molecules can move through

Gated Channel Protein

Specific for ions and only open when simulated

Carrier Protein

Specific for the molecule with a specific shape to fit the molecule and flip to the other side of the membrane

Osmosis

Passive net diffusion of water where water is the opposite direction of the net diffusion of solute.

Hypertonic

More solute and less solvent (water) than the other side of the membrane

Hypotonic

Less solute and more solvent (water) than the other side of the membrane

Isotonic

Same solute/solvent (water) on both sides of the membrane

Plasmolysis

Plant cell losses water from central vacuole. Occurs in a hypertonic solution.

Sodium/Potassium (Na+/K+) Transport

Maintains the concentration of Na+/K+ inside the cells and fluid outside the cells

Exocytosis

A vesicle fuses with plasma membrane to expel bulk materials from the cell.

Endocytosis

Plasma membrane pinches in to form a vesicle bringing materials into the cell

Phagocytosis

The cell engulfs a solid substance in a vesicle by endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Cell engulfs a liquid or solution in a vesicle by endosytosis

Receptor/Mediated Endocytosis

Molecules first bind to specific protein receptors on the cell membrane; membrane then pinches by endocytosis.

Water

Universal solvent

Passive Transport concentration gradient

High to low

Active Transport concentration gradient

Low to high

Examples of Passive Transport

Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

Examples of Active Transport

Na+/K+ pump, endocytosis, exocytosis

What solution does neither animal or plant cells like?

Hypotonic

The net movement of water in a hypertonic solution

Out of the cell

Plant cells in a hypertonic solution

The cell goes through plasmolysis and wilts

Animal cells in a hypertonic solution

The cell shrinks/shrivels

Plant cells in an isotonic solution

The cell is flaccid/not completely full

Animal cells in an isotonic solution

The cell is normal (best condition)

The net movement of an isotonic solution

Equilibrium

Net movement of a Hypotonic solution

In

Plant cells in an hypotonic solution

The cell is healthy and turgid

Animal cells in a hypotonic solution

The cell will swell and burst

Active Transports Requirments

ATP and carrier protein

The amount of Na+ and K+ pumped in and out

3 Na+ are pumped out and 2 K+ are pumped in

Exocytosis and endocytosis function

To transport bulk amounts of polar or large molecules in membrane surrounded vesicles

Types of Endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

What is the property endocytosis and exocytosis rely on from the cell membrane?

fluidity

What transports need a membrane?

facilitative diffusion and active transport

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Catalyst

Molécules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed or used in the reaction

Enzymes

Proteins with specifc teritary or quaternary structures that speed up chemical reactions

Active Site

The place where the substrate binds to the enzyme in order to start the reaction

Substrate

The molecules being act upon by the enzyme

Enzyme-Substrate Complex (ETC)

When the active site and substrate binds and breaks the substrate sown into products and the original enzyme

Anabolic Reaction

Smaller molecules are assembled into larger molecules (bonds are formed)

Catabolic Reaction

Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules (bonds are broken)

Activation Energy (Ea)

Energy required to break/form chemical bonds in the substrate during a catalyzed reaction

Denaturation

Enzyme loses its 3D globular shape and its active site changes shape, enzyme can't recognize substrate

Vmax (Velocity Maximum)

All active sites are full and enzymes are working. Enzymes are saturated

Inhibitors

Block enzyme function

Competitive Inhibitors

Block the active sites

Non-competitive Inhibitors

Bind to the enzyme on another site which causes a change in shape in the enzyme's active site.

Activators

'Help' enzyme functioning by maintaining the correct active site shape

lactose Intolerant

The lose of ability to produce lactase laving bacteria in the stomach to digest lactose (painful)

Cellular Respiration

A series of reactions in which your cells make ATP by breaking down the monomers absorbed by your cells

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food/energy

Heterotrophs

organisms that have to eat other organisms to gain food/energy

Cristae

folds in the inner membrane of mitochondria

Intermembrane Space

the fluid filled space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

Outer Membrane

The outermost membrane in the mitochondria that protects and holds the form of the organelle.

Inner Membrane

The membrane of the mitochondria that is the site of electron transport.

Matrix

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

ATP

The universal energy current in cells

Glycolysis

One 6-carbon glucose is split in half to create 2 3-carbon pyruvates

Total amount of ATP from glycolysis

Net 2 ATP

Total electron carriers from glycolysis

2 NADH

Link Reaction

2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis move from the cytoplasm into the matrix of the mitochondria creating 2 acetyl coenzymes

Kreb Cycle

2 acetyl CoA from the Link Reaction are broken down through a series of reactions

Total CO2 from Link Reaction

2 CO2

Total CO2 from Krebs Cycle

4 CO2

Total ATP from Krebs Cycle

2 ATP

Total electron carrier from Krebs Cycle

3 NADH and 2 FADH2

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Electrons from NADH and and FADH2 (electron carriers) are shuffled down integral protein in the Cristae making a H+ gradient which diffuses through ATP synthese

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Cellular Respiration Equation

Total ATP from ETC

32 ATP

Fermentation

The breakdown of a carbohydrate in the absence of oxygen in the cytoplasm of the cell

Lactic Acid

During intense exercise, blood flows to your muscles is reduced; causing a reduction in oxygen delivered to the muscles.

Alcohol Fermentation

Converts pyruvic acids into ethyl alcohol

Glycolysis location

Cytoplasm

Link Reaction Location

Matrix

Krebs Cycle Location

Matrix

ETC Location

Cristae

Photosynthesis

A series of complex chemical reactions that converts light energy from the sun and inorganic compounds into chemical compounds in the form of organic compounds

Thylakoid

Membrane that are arranged as flattened sacs

Grana

Each thylakoid is connected and layered to form this

Storms

The solution that surrounds grana

Starch Granule

Where plants store excess sugar (starch)

Pigment

A protein that absorbs light

Chlorophyll

Found in thylakoid and is the most important pigment used in photosynthesis

Accessory Pigments

Pigments found in thylakoids that help in light absorption

Chlorophyll a

The main photosynthetic pigment, reflects yellow/green

Chlorophyll b

Assists chlorophyll a in absorbing light, shifted more towards the blue/green spectrum

Carotenoid

Accessory pigment that reflects orange

Xanthrophyll

Accessory pigment that reflects yellow