Cancer Cells Lecture Review

These flashcards cover the origins, mechanisms, types, risk factors, and prevention strategies related to cancer cells, based on the lecture notes.

What fundamentally causes cancer in normal cells?

The accumulation of genetic mutations that disrupt normal growth and division, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Where do cancer cells originate?

They originate from normal cells that have undergone genetic mutations.

What kinds of cellular genes are most affected by cancer-causing mutations?

Genes that control cell growth, division, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Give three common sources of genetic mutations that can lead to cancer.

Inherited gene mutations, environmental exposures (e.g., radiation, chemicals), and the natural aging process.

What normal cellular process, responsible for eliminating damaged cells, is often bypassed by cancer cells?

Programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Which broad cancer category arises in epithelial tissues that line organs and body surfaces?

Carcinomas.

Which cancers develop from blood-forming cells in bone marrow or immune system cells?

Leukemias and lymphomas, respectively.

What distinguishes sarcomas from carcinomas?

Sarcomas originate in connective tissues such as bone, muscle, and cartilage, whereas carcinomas arise in epithelial tissues.

How can an unhealthy diet indirectly increase cancer risk?

It promotes genetic mutations and cellular changes, often through obesity and chronic inflammation, which can encourage tumor growth.

Why is obesity considered a major risk factor for many cancers?

Excess body fat can trigger hormonal and inflammatory changes that promote genetic damage and tumor development.

List three lifestyle actions that help reduce cancer risk.

Adopt a healthy diet, maintain a healthy weight, and engage in regular physical activity.

What happens when mutations disable the mechanisms that normally regulate cell growth and division?

The cells grow and multiply uncontrollably, forming cancerous tumors.