Clinical Electrolytes and Trace Metals

Practice flashcards covering the properties, clinical implications, laboratory determination, and reference ranges of electrolytes and trace metals based on the lecture material.

Natrium

The formal name for Sodium, described as the most abundant and primary extracellular cation ($90\%$ of all EC cations).

Kalium

The formal name for Potassium, which is the primary intracellular cation responsible for heart contraction and neuromuscular excitability.

Hamburger Phenomenon

Also known as the chloride shift, this process maintains electroneutrality by moving chloride into cells to balance the movement of bicarbonate.

Bicarbonate

The second most abundant extracellular anion and a major component of the blood buffering system.

Magnesium ($Mg^{2+}$)

The fourth most abundant cation in the body and a co-factor for more than 300 enzymes.

Ionized Calcium

The physiologically active form of calcium, which makes up approximately $45\%$ of total calcium.

Lactate

A by-product of anaerobic metabolism, with Type A associated with hypoxic conditions and Type B with metabolic origins.

Sodium Reference Range

The normal concentration in serum or plasma is $136 - 145\,mmol/L$.

Hyponatremia Critical Value

A threshold critical value where sodium levels fall to or below $120\,mmol/L$.

Valinomycin

The specific antibiotic used in the membrane of Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) for the determination of potassium levels.

Fiske-Subbarow Method

The most common colorimetric method for phosphoric determination, involving molybdic acid and the reducing agent pictol (amino naphthol sulfonic acid).

Ceruloplasmin

A copper-containing protein; low levels are associated with Wilson's disease.

Wilson’s disease

A metabolic defect characterized by low levels of ceruloplasmin, causing copper to accumulate in the liver.

Zinc

An essential trace metal required for the synthesis of RNA and DNA.

Molybdenum

A trace metal essential for uric acid synthesis from xanthine and hypoxanthine precursors.

Chromium

A trace metal defined as a part of the glucose tolerance factor.

Nickel

An essential trace metal that stabilizes nucleic acid structures.

Schales and Schales

A mercurimetric titration method used for chloride determination involving diphenylcarbazone as an indicator.

Inorganic Phosphate

An electrolyte involved in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates and a component of nucleosides and ATP.

Lithium Heparin

The anticoagulant of choice for most electrolyte determinations, including sodium, potassium, and chloride.