UNIT 4: LATER EUROPE

Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

1750

Miguel Cabrera

Late Baroque

 New Spain 

Oil on canvas 

In the painting: Early feminist, child prodigy, wanted to pursue her intellectual interests resulting in her becoming a nun, seen as a threat

Self Portrait

1790 (France) 

Elisabeth Louise Vigee- Lebrun

Oil on canvas  

The Swing 

1767 (France) 

Jean- Honoré Fragonard 

Rococo (style)   

Oil on canvas 

Soft, playful, flirtatious painting 

In the painting: wife, lover (looking up dress), husband (swinging the wife) 

Left side: unbridled passion, right side: constraints

La Grande Odalisque 

Ingres

1814 (France) 

Neoclassical/Romanticism 

Oil on canvas 

David: teacher 

Ingres: strays away from David’s teachings 

Odalisque: female slave 

Eroticiszes: give sexual significance to or create sexual feeling in 

Olympia 

Edouard Manet- father of Impressionism  

1863 (France) 

Realism 

Oil on canvas 

Real person in contemporary setting, scandalous

Oath of the Haratti

 Jacques- Louis David 

1784 (France) 

Neoclassical 

Oil on canvas 

Clothes and architecture suggest it’s Roman

Legend: conflict between Roman and Alba

Men: active, muscular 

Women: weak, helpless

George Washington

 Jean Antoine Houdin  

1788-92 (France/ US) 

Neoclassical, Romanticism 

Marble 

Feminine legs, emphasis on body shape

Iconography: the cheat is a symbol of authority

A Philosopher Giving a Lecture at the Orrery

1766 (England) 

Joseph Wright of Derby 

Neoclassical/ Romanticism

Oil on canvas 

Orrery: mechanical model of solar system 

Heroic depictions of modern subjects

And There's Nothing to be Done (plate from the Disasters of War) 

1810 

Francisco Goya 

Etching 

Tied to stake, blindfold on, about to get shot 

Goya depicted the tragedies of war, did not publish until after death

Liberty Leading the People (July 28, 1830) 

1830 (France) 

Eugene Delacroix 

Romanticism 

Oil on canvas 

Takes place during the July Revolution of 1830 

Woman is an allegory- picture that reveals a hidden message

The Stone Breakers

1849 (France) 

Gustave Courbet 

Realism 

Oil on canvas 

Hard labor done by the very poor, not heroic, makes viewers confront uncomfortable situations

View from Mount Holyoke after a Thunderstorm

Northampton, Massachusetts 

(The Oxbow)

Thomas Cole

1836 (USA)

Romanticism

Oil on canvas

Sublime left side, pastoral right side 

Oxbow: bend in river

The Valley of Mexico from the Santa Isabel Mountain Range 

1895 

Velasco 

Isabel Mountain Range 

Romanticism 

Oil on canvas 

Context: 1821 War of Independence in Spain, Mexican national identity, indigenous family with traditional clothing 

Slave Ship

 1840 (England) 

Joseph Mallord William Turner

Romanticism  

Oil on canvas

Context: during storms, people were thrown overboard if they were dead or dying

Still Life in Studio 

1837

Daguerre (France) 

Type of photography: daguerreotype

Symbolism: The Golden Ram 

Nadar Raising Photography to the Height of an Art

1862 (France)

Honoré Daumier

Lithograph: not a photograph

Nadar is the photographer in the image, he was the first aerial photographer

The Horse in Motion

1878

Eadweard Muybridge

Albumen print (photograph)

The Steerage

1907 (USA)

Alfred Stieglitz

Photogravure

Class divide (lower class- lower deck, upper class- upper deck) 

Pictorialist: emphasis on painterly effects

The Results of the First Five Year Plan

1932 (Soviet Union)

Varvara Stepnova

Photomontage

In favor of the 5 Year Plan, propaganda! 

The Gare Saint Lazare

 1877 (France) 

Claude Monet- wanted to see with his eyes instead of mind, works were viewed as unfinished and sloppy 

Impressionism

Oil on canvas 

Color vibration  

The Coiffure

 1890 (France) 

Mary Cassatt 

Drypoint and aquatint on paper 

Japanese influence

The Burghers of Calais

 1884-95 (France) 

Impressionism 

Auguste Rodin- often worked with clay 

Bronze

6 elderly surrenders who would be killed for their city, the statue was a commemoration, Rodin wanted the statues to be at ground level to get the whole effect, instead of on a pedestal 

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon

1907 (Spain)

Pablo Picasso →painted pictures that did not make sense, had many phases such as blue, red, african 

Cubism

oil on canvas

Analytical cubism: subjects broken down into factored forms 

Synthetic cubism: inspired by collages 

Naked women, geometric body shapes, distorted faces, sex work painting, copied African art but did not understand it 

The Portuguese

1911 (France)

Georges Braque

Cubism

oil on canvas

The Starry Night 

1889 (France)

Vincent Van Gogh  

Oil on canvas 

Impasto: thickly layered paint

 Complementary colors: blue and orange

Mont. Sainte Victoire

 1902-4 (France) 

Paul Cezanne 

Oil on canvas

Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?

1897-98 (France) 

Paul Gaugin 

Oil on canvas

Goldfish 

1912 (France) 

Henri Matisse 

Oil on canvas

The Scream

1893 (Norway) 

Edvard Munch

Tempera and pastels on board

The Kiss

1907-8  (Austria)

Gustav Klimt

Art Nouveau

oil and gold leaf on canvas

Man and woman, romantic scene, removed from the world

Similar to Byzantine art, but has Japanese influence

Improvisation 28 (second version)

1912 (Russia)

Vassily Kandinsky

Expressionism

oil on canvas 

Many different perspectives, derived from music, images are hard to decipher, references to apocalypse (great change)

Self Portrait as a Soldier

Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

Expressionism

1915 (German)

Oil on Canvas

Memorial Sheet of Karl Liebknecht

Kathe Kollwitz

Expressionism

1919-1920 (German)

Woodcut

Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Central Park

1947 (Mexico) 

Diego Rivera 

Mexican Muralism 

Characters from 400 years of Mexican out for a stroll 

The Migration of the Negro (panel no. 49) 

1940-1941 (USA) 

Jacob Lawrence 

Harlem Renaissance 

Tempera on hardboard 

From the Migration Series of 60 Panels 

Based on personal experience

No perspective, simplified geometric shapes

The Two Fridas

1939 (Mexico) 

Frida Kahlo

Oil on canvas  

Surrealism

Left dress- colonial, right dress- traditional

The Jungle

1942-43 (Cuba) 

Wilfredo Lam 

Surrealism 

Gouache on paper mounted on canvas 

Mix of faces, limbs, sugarcane 

Afro- caribbean culture

Object

1936 (Swiss) 

Meret Oppenheim 

Surrealism 

Fur covered cup, saucer, and spoon 

Symbolic function 

Fountain 

1917 (France) 

Marcel Duchamp 

Dada 

At first it is rejected as art 

“Ready made”: something ordinary transforms into art 

Conceptual art: the idea (or concept) not the craft

Marilyn Diptych

 1962 (USA)

Andy Warhol 

Pop Art 

Silkscreen

Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks 

 

1962-1974 

Claes Oldenburg

Pop art

Steel, aluminum, painted enamel

Narcissus Garden

1966 (Japan)

Yayori Kusama

Conceptual art

1500 plastic orbs

Composition with red, blue, and yellow

1930 (Dutch)

Piet Mondiran

De stijl

Oil on canvas

Woman 1

1950-1952

Willem de Kooning

Abstract expressionism

Oil on canvas

The Bay

1963 (USA)

Helen Frankenthaler

Abstract expressionism

Acrylic on canvas

Spiral Jetty

1970 (Utah, USA)

Robert Smithson

Earthworks

Mud, salt crystals, rocks, water coils