IUB: Sociology S100 Exam 2單詞卡 | Quizlet

1. What conditions must be met before we can say that people live in a particular society?

They must occupy a common territory.
They must also interact with one another within the territory.
They must have a common culture.
Shared products (material and nonmaterial culture).
Shared sense of membership.
Shared sense of commitment to the same group.

2. describe the hunting and gathering societies

Smallest type of society (less than 40 members).
Social structure:
Statuses = gender, age, kinship (all statuses essentially equal).
Constantly on the move, warfare uncommon (simple needs, no specialized roles).
Religion almost never includes a believe in a powerful God.
Social institution(s): FAMILY

describe horticultural societies

Social structure:
Statuses= wealthy, political roles, specialized roles
Social institution(s):
Religion = capricious gods who must be worshipped and appeased
Warfare first emerges in Horticultural societies.

describe pastoral societies

Social Structure:
Subsistence based on the domestication of herds of animals (steady food supply assured increasing herd sizes).
Material possessions are few.
Increased contact with other groups (trading, disputes over grazing leads to warfare, slavery).
Social Institution(s): Political, Economic
Religion: god or gods take an active interest in human affairs (Judaism, Christianity, Islam).
Slavery emerges in these societies.

describe the agrarian societies

Social structure:
Food output greatly increased.
Social classes appear.
Warfare is almost constant.
Social Institution(s):
Religion becomes a separate social institution with full-time officials.
Political institutions become more elaborate (power of monarch is absolute, elaborate courts, state emerges).
Distinct economic institution develops (trade more elaborate, money used, accurate records appear).

describe the industrial societies

Social Structure:
Subsistence strategy highly efficient.
New technologies = steam engine.
Population increases.
Division of labor complex.
Warfare outbreaks decrease.
Secondary groups multiply.
Social institution(s):
Family as an institution begins to decline.
Religion: Traditional beliefs questioned.
Science emerges as an important institution.
Democratic institutions replace hereditary monarchies.

3. In what type of society is religion characterized by a god or gods who take an active interest in human affairs? How would you explain that?

Pastoral (10,000-12,000 years ago) ex. Judaism, Christianity, Islam

4. What characterizes postindustrial societies?

information/network

5. What question did Yolly ask Jared Diamond in the video, Guns, Germs, and Steel (Out of Eden)?

Why you white man have so much cargo and we New Guineans have so little?

6. What kind of society did Jared Diamond focus upon?

Papua New Guineans (hunting & gathering)

7. What term refers to the organized relationship among the basic components of a social system?

The Social Structure

8. What are Statuses in Social structure

Statuses
Society consists of individuals each one occupies one or more socially defined positions in society.
Examples = woman, carpenter, teachers, son, old person.

What are Roles in social structure

Roles
The sociological concept is taken directly from the theater.
It refers to the part or parts that you play in society.
President of the United States.

What are Groups in social structure

Groups
Consist of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about each other's behavior.
A # of persons whose statuses and roles are interrelated

What are social networks in social structure?

Social Networks
Groups define other basic elements of the social structure- roles & statuses

What are social institutions in social structure?

Social Institutions
The means developed by societies to meet basic needs.
Inherently conservative (not easily changed).
Closely linked within the social structure.
Change does not occur in isolation.
Examples = Family, Education, Religion, Political System, Economic System.

9. What is the difference between an ascribed status and an achieved status? Give an example of each one.

Ascribed Status = given to us arbitrarily by society; born with it.
Examples = young or old, male or female, ethnicity.
Achieved Status = people EARN this kind of status.
Examples = married, college graduate, convict.

10. What concepts do the positions on a football team illustrate?

A group structure with a set hierarchy and the Quarterback sits at the top

11. Can a master status be either an ascribed or an achieved status?

yes

12. What term refers to the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status?

Role

13. What term is used to describe each of the following—the family, religion, the economy.

Social institutions

14. What type of society is the most egalitarian? What does that mean?

Hunting and gathering because all jobs were essentially equal

15. What is role conflict and give an example

Role Conflict:A situation in which a person plays two or more roles whose requirements are difficult to reconcile
Ex. police officer who finds himself in a situation where he ought to arrest his own child

What is role strain and give an example

Role Strain: situation in which conflicting demands are built into the same role, or in which a person for some other reason cannot meet role expectations
Ex. factory supervisor is expected to maintain good relationships with workers but is also expected to enforce regulations that workers might resent

16. What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group?

Primary: small, intimate enduring groups (family, peer group)
Secondary: lack of emotional bonding or sharing of common values and endurance; temporary anonymous impersonal. (political parties, government bureaucracies, corporations)

17. What is the difference between an ingroup and an outgroup?

Ingroup: persons feels a sense of belonging, loyalty, and identity
Outgroup: person does not feel a sense of belonging and has no sense of loyalty

18. Why do societies develop social institutions?

To meet basic needs (ex. Family, education, religion, political system, economic system)

19. Identify and explain two major characteristics of institutions.

Means developed by societies to meet basic needs
Inherently conservative- not easily changed
Closely linked within social structure
Change does not occur in isolation

20. According to the video, Slavery and the Making of America, who sued her owner for her freedom and won

Mum Bett (Elizabeth Freeman)

21. According to the video, Slavery and the Making of America, who protected a young slave girl from the wrath of a plantation owner by taking a blow to her own arm from a red-hot coal pan?

Mum bett (Elizabeth Freeman)

22. In what type of society was slavery the most common?

Agricultural society

23. What have been the primary causes of slavery?

Debt: creditors enslaves people who could not pay their debts
Crime: murders/thieves could be enslaved by a victim's family to compensate for loss
War: those who won the battle, enslaved those who were conquered

24. Where is slavery least common?

Nomadic

25. Endogamy is the form of marriage practiced in a caste system. Define endogamy and explain the consequence of this marital practice.

People only marry within their group
maintain boundaries between the strata preventing confusions that would arise if a person were born to parents of different castes

26. How do elites control their positions of power through information?

The system of beliefs, brainwashing, the superstructure and the infrastructure. The Economy has the greatest hold
Social institutions (media, religion, family, education, etc.)
Controlling information, controlling ideas, new technology.

27. What three categories do sociologists use to classify countries in terms of global stratification?

First World- Industrialized Capitalist Nations
Second World- Industrialized nations
Third World- least industrialized Nations

28. Identify and describe the three main types of social stratification—slavery, caste systems, and social class systems.

-Slavery = causes and conditions have varied around the world.
Not commonly based on race; rather a consequence of debt, crime, and war.
"A condition of submission to or domination by some influence".
Key trait = some individuals own other people..
Most common in agricultural societies!

-Caste = India's main system of formal stratification until 1948; boundaries are rigid.

-Class = the system of stratification in the United States; boundaries are less rigid.

29. What would a functionalist say about social inequality and the survival of society?

Elements in the social structure and culture have functions that contribute to the stability of society as a whole; stratification is functional because it serves a function.

30. Is the existence of social stratification universal or is it absent in some nations?

Universal

31. Which of the following was a basis for slavery: debt, crime, conquest from war?

all of the them

32. How is one's status in a caste system determined? Can it change?

Based on the hierarchy determined at birth, perhaps on basis of skin color or ancestry. It is closed and cannot change.
An ascribed status

33. Describe the levels in India's caste system.

Brahman- Priests and teachers
Kshatriya- Rulers and soldiers
Vaishya- Merchants and traders
Shudra- Peasants and laborers
Dalit (untouchables)- Outcastes, degrading or polluting labor

34. In what kind of stratification system are the boundaries fluid? Give an example.

Class Systems (industrial society)

35. How did Karl Marx define social class?

Divided into the bourgeoisie (control means of production) and the proletariats (exploited by the bourgeoisie)

36. What determines a person's social class, according to Karl Marx?

If they owned/controlled the means of production (bourgeoisie upper class)
Lower class (proletariat) common laborers who owned nothing but the right to sell their own labor

37. Why, according to Karl Marx, do workers not rise up and take control of their own destinies?

They are controlled by the dominant belief system, an ideology which both reflects and propagandized the existing economic arrangements

38. Define the following concepts of Karl Marx: ideology

Ideology: a set of beliefs that explains and justifies some actual or potential social arrangements

Define False consciousness according to Karl Marx

False consciousness: a subjective understanding that does not fit with the objective facts of one's situations

Define class consciousness according to Karl Marx

Class consciousness: an objective awareness of subordinate group's common interests, leading them to question the system

39. What is the ideology of the ruling class designed to do?

Legitimate the social stratification

40. Draw a diagram that illustrates Karl Marx's theory of ideology. Include the following in your diagram: superstructure, infrastructure, ideas and values, the economy, social institutions like the political system, religion, education and the family.

Triangle with ideas & values at top and social institutions on bottom labeled Superstructure
box was economy below labeled infrastructure

41. Do functionalists believe that social inequality is universal?

yes

42. Was the notion of the divine right of kings a theological or political concept?

theological

43. Describe the relationship between gender and social stratification. Is this pattern universal?

All societies distinguish between old and young, between males and females,
universal

44. Identify and explain the key components of Weber's social class system.

Social class is defined as people who share similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.

45. Explain how The Matrix illustrates conflict theory? Be specific. Use specific concepts in your explanation.

Illustrates Marx's concept of alienation by portraying Neo as feeling powerless, isolated, and controlled.
Gives us an understanding of Karl Marx's theory of ideology/of the relationships between the superstructure and the infrastructure.

46. What questions were raised by the video, The Matrix? Why does this video illustrate Marx's theory of ideology?

What is the Matrix?
How does this film portray Marx's concept of alienation?
Marx's concept of alienation by portraying Neo as feeling powerless, isolated, and controlled
Choice symbolizes freedom. Are we really free today? What encourages us to give up our freedom? What kind of government would encourage you to give up your freedom? (totalitarian)
The Matrix illustrates Marx's theory of ideology because it shows the relationships between the superstructure and the infrastructure.

47. The Matrix illustrates the idea that "things are not what they seem." What sociologist is known for this particular idea?

Peter Berger

48. What did the red pill in The Matrix allow people to do?

allows people in the Matrix to see reality

49. A character in the movie, The Matrix, tells Neo that mescaline creates a state where it is difficult to distinguish reality from dreaming. What did Karl Marx say that referred to a similar idea?

religion is the opium of the masses

50. Explain Davis and Moore's theory of social stratification.

Functionalist theorists- society use to do something to motivate the most talented and capable people to perform the more stressful/prestigious jobs/roles that require considerable sacrifice and scarce talents
Reward: wealth, power, prestige
Contribute more get more money and vice versa

51. What do Davis and Moor say about social roles that require scarce talents or prolonged training?

Functionalist theorists- society use to do something to motivate the most talented and capable people to perform the more stressful/prestigious jobs/roles that require considerable sacrifice and scarce talents
Reward: wealth, power, prestige
Contribute more get more money and vice versa

52. What do Davis and Moore say about social roles that are stressful or that require sacrifices?

more reward for these roles

53. How does society motivate people to perform social roles that are stressful and that require scare talents and sacrifice, according to Davis and Moore?

important roles must offer wealth, power, prestige

54. What do critics say about Davis and Moore's theory?

Some people whose roles have no apparent value to society are often highly rewarded
People with role of limited value earn more than people whose roles are very important
People have low rewards because of their ascribed social status

55. What concept refers to a category of people of roughly equivalent status in an unequal society?

social class

56. How is "class system" defined? The ability to get your way despite resistance is a common definition for what concept?

A system of social stratification in which categories of the population are ranked primarily according to economic status but in which there is some measure of achieved status and social mobility

57. What term refers to a person's property and income?

Wealth

58. What term refers to the respect given to a person's occupation?

Prestige

59. Rank the following occupations from highest to lowest in terms of their prestige: janitor, architect, college professor, dentist, physician, farmer.

Physician, college professor, architect, Dentist, farmer Janitor

60. Identify four key characteristics of jobs/occupations that have greater levels of prestige.

Generally pay more
Entail more abstract thought
Require more education
Have greater autonomy

61. If you wanted your family to belong to the most affluent group in the United States, what occupation would you prepare for?

Investors, heirs, top executives

62. What percentage of Americans belongs to the upper middle class?

10-15%

63. How much wealth is owned by the top one percent of Americans? To answer this question, compare this part of the population to other social classes? What about the top 10 %?

Top 1% owns 33% of wealth, Top 10% owns 70% of wealth

64. Describe the consequences of belonging in higher versus lower social classes. Use the following: health, life expectancy, likelihood of divorce.

Family: choice of spouse (who you are around most often is likely); Divorce less likely if you have at least a college degree
Education (born into poverty can't take books homes while upper class buy the books and have the homework)
Religion: Episcopalians (middle & upper classes); Baptists (lower classes)
Politics (republicans > $, democrats < $)
Mental Health: not addressed for anyone (poor family: none of the needs able to be met; upper family: can get the care you need)
Physical Health (poor family: live shorter, Upper class: live longer)

65. What term refers to movement from one status to another in a stratified society?

social mobility

66. Define and give an example for horizontal mobility

Horizontal social Mobility: A change from one social status to another that is roughly equivalent (plumber to carpenter)

vertical mobility and an example

Vertical social mobility: a change to a higher or lower social status than the individual had initially (plumber to corporation president & vice versa)

intragenerational mobility and an example

Intragenerational Social mobility: a change in status during the course of an individual's career ( Horizontal or vertical; Physician to lawyer; lawyer to sales clerk)

Intergenerational mobility and an example

Intergenerational Social mobility: a change in the social status of a family members from one generation to the next ( father a plumber, son a physician; father a physician, son a plumber)

67. Why is there greater social mobility in industrial societies compared to preindustrial ones?

In industrial societies, there are more job opportunities, allowing for people to move up the social ladder.

68. What myth assumes that there are limitless possibilities for anyone to get ahead if he or she tries hard enough?

Horacio Alger Myth (the American Dream)

69. What concept is used to describe the flow of money?

Income/Circular flow model

70. What three variables do sociologists use to define a person's social class?

Wealth, prestige, power

71. How are the following social classes defined: upper class, upper middle class, lower middle class, working class, lower class, poverty?

Upper Classes: inherited wealth 3-5% of population
Upper middle class: professionals 10-15% of population
Lower middle class: White collar sales & clerical clerks 33% of population
Working Class: blue-collar laborers, factory workers 33% of population
Lower class: service workers 20% of population
Poverty: unemployed, part-time, on welfare 13% of population

72. Give an example of upward social mobility.

going from lower class to working class

73. How do sociologists explain the persistence of poverty in America?

Social structure: components of social structure play a strong factor in poverty rate.
Characteristics of individuals and that they are poor because of their own attitudes

74. What term refers to the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative power, property, and prestige?

social stratification

75. How do functionalists explain social stratification?

inevitable and even necessary in society

76. How do conflict theorists explain social stratification?

avoidable, unnecessary and the source of most social injustice

77. What are the three key dimensions of social stratification? Define each concept.

Power, wealth, prestige

78. To what religious faith are members of the lower social classes most likely to belong?

Baptists