Test 1 Earth Science

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Mineralogy

The study of minerals

Geology

Study of Earth

Oceanography

Study of the ocean

Meteorology

Study of the atmosphere and weather

Astronomy

Study of the universe

Biosphere

Life on Earth

Hydroshpere

Water on Earth

Atmosphere

um. air. on Earth

Lithosphere

The ground; crust, mantle, and core of Earth

Scientific Method

Systematic steps used to gain scientfic knowledge

Terrestrial Planets

Inner planets; rocky material, metallic core. Includes Mercury, Venus, Earth and Moon, and Mars

Jovian Planets

Outer planets; giant balls of gas with rings. Includes Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Largest planet

Jupiter

Igneous Rock

Produced by molten rock cooling. Two types; extrusive, coarse grained (basalt, obsidian) , intrusive, fine grained (granite, pumice)

Sedimentary Rock

Form from sediement, produced through lithification, has strata, or beds (bedding planes seperate strata) sometimes contain fossils. Two types; Detrial (shale) and Chemical (rock salt, limestone) - Biochemical is a sub group (limestone 90%, coal)

Metamorphic Rock

Produced from preexisting rocks. Two types; Foliated (slate, schist, gneiss) and Nonfoliated (marble, quartzite)

Plutonic or Intrusive Rocks

Rocks formed inside the Earth

Volcanic or extrusive rocks

Rocks formed on the surface from lava

Rock classification based on-

Texture and mineral constituents

Protons

Positive electrical charges

Neutrons

Neutral electrical charges

Electrons

Negative electrical charges

Most common elements that compose most rock-forming minerals

Oxygen (O) Silicon (Si)

Nebular Hypothesis

The Earth and other planets were formed at the same time

Planet

Orbits the sun, shperical shape, has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit

Dwarf Planet

Orbits the sun, shperical shape, has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit

Earth’s sources of energy

The sun (drives external processes such as weather, ocean circulation and erosional processes) The Earth’s interior (drives internal processes including volcanoes, earthquakes and mountain building)

Mineral Definition

Naturally occuring, inorganic, crystalline solid, orderly internal structure of atoms, definite chemical compostion

Crystal Form

external expression of internal structure; shape of a crystal- how it grows

Luster

quality of light reflected from surface

Streak

color in powdered form; more reliable than color

Hardness

resistance to abrasion

Cleavage

how a mineral breaks when stressed (breaks along planes of weak bonds)

Specific Gravity

density

Porphyritic (two crystal sizes)

two rates of cooling (igneous rock)

Glassy

very fast rate of cooling (igneous rock)

Lithification

Loose sediments are transformed into solid rock. Compaction, then cementation by either calcite, silica, or iron oxide

Metamorphism

Takes place where preexisting rock is subjected to tempatures and pressures unlike those in which it formed. Different degrees; low-grade (ex shale becomes slate) and high-grade (obliteration of original features)

Foliated texture

Minerals are in a parallel alignment, Minerals are perpendicular to the compressional force

Nonfoliated texture

Contain equidimensional crystals, Resembles a coarse-grained igneous rock

Detrial rocks

Material is solid particles, classified by particle size

Chemical rocks

Derived from material that was once in solution and precipitates to form
sediment. Directly precipitated as the result of physical processes, or through life processes (biochemical origin)

order of planets

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most common minerals in earths crust

feldspar and quartz

which carbonate mineral reacts to hydrochloric acid

calcite