psychology 101 final

5 domains of modern psychology and their psychological topics.

Biological, Cognitive, Developmental, Social & personality, Mental & physical health.

5 ways to stay healthy

estorative sleep, physical activity, healthy eating, social connection, and helping out

6 strategies psychology helps you study better with.

Improving, Monitoring, Practicing, Attending, Connecting, Thinking Deeply.

Absentmindedness

Lapse in attention that results in memory failure.

Achievement

the accomplishment of goals or tasks, often measured by success or mastery in a specific area.

Achievement test

Test designed to assess what a person has learned.

Adderall

amphetamine/dextroamphetamine

Affective

Relating to the emotions.

Agonists

Enhance the actions of neurotransmitters.

Amygdala

Detects and responds to threats.

Analogical representation

Idea that shares some of the actual characteristics of the object it represents.

Anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to self-imposed starvation and excessive weight loss.

Antagonists

Inhibits actions of neurotransmitters.

Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

psychological disorder in which one demonstrates a lack of conscience

Applied Behavioral Analysis

an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning

Aptitude test

Test designed to predict a person's future performance.

Arousal

the state of being alert and responsive to stimuli, influencing motivation and behavior.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior

attitudes

evaluations of people, objects, and ideas

atypical antipsychotics

Antipsychotics that do not have significant side effects common to older antipsychotics

autism spectrum disorder

a developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted interests

Availability

Time frames when the system is operational.

Axon

Long, narrow outgrowth of a neuron's cell body that lets the neuron transmit information to other neurons.

Behavior

The way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment.

Behavior modification

The use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

Behavior therapy

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

Biological factors

influences on behavior and mental processes related to physiological and genetic aspects.

biological therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Biopsychosocial model

a framework that integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness.

Bipolar I disorder

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

Bipolar II disorder

a disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods

Blocking

The temporary inability to remember something.

Borderline Personality disorder

condition marked by extreme instability in mood, identity, and impulse control

Bulimia

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging, often to control weight. It involves a cycle of eating large quantities of food and subsequently eliminating it through vomiting or excessive exercise.

bystander intervention effect

the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present

Cannon-Bard theory

a theory proposing that emotions and physiological reactions occur simultaneously and independently when we encounter an event.

Case Study

Intensive examination of one person or organization or a few individuals or organizations.

Cell Body

Part of the neuron where information from thousands of other neurons is collected and integrated.

Central nervous system

Brain and spinal cord nervous system.

Chunking

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.

Classical conditioning

Learned response where neutral object elicits a response when associated with a response producing stimulus.

Cognitive

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

cognitive restructuring

a therapy that strives to help patients recognize maladaptive thought patterns and replace them with ways of viewing the world that are more in tune with reality

Cognitive-Behavior Therapy

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

compliance

Conforming to a request or demand

Conditioned response

Response that has been learned.

Conditioned stimulus

Stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place.

conformity

Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Consolidation

The process by which memories become stable in the brain.

Context-dependent memory effect

The tendency for information to be better recalled in the same context in which it was originally learned.

Control group

Group of participants that receives no treatment.

Correlational research methods

Examine how variables are naturally related in real world without altering the variables.

Crystallized intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

Daily hassle

a common, often minor event that causes stress and can accumulate over time.

Decision making

Choosing among two or more alternatives.

deep brain stimulation

electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes; used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Dendrite

branchlike extensions of the neuron that detect information from other neurons.

Dependent variable

Variable that is measured to determine how it was affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.

Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders

the most common tool for describing and estimating the prevalence of mental illness

dialectical behavior therapy

A form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to accept who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal.

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

Difference between a theory and a hypothesis.

A theory is scientifically tested, a hypothesis is an educated guess.

Discrimination

Inappropriate treatment of people based on the groups they belong to.

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

disorganized behavior

inability to carry out activities of daily living

disorganized speech

speaking in an incoherent fashion that involves frequently changing topics and saying strange or inappropriate things

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory for personal information, either partial or complete

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

Drive

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp.

Elaborative rehearsal

The linking of new information to material that is already known.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

Emotion-focused coping

a strategy that involves dealing with emotions rather than the problem itself, often used to manage stress and emotional responses.

Emotional intelligence

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

Encoding

The processing of information into the memory system.

Endocrine system

Body communication system that uses hormones to influence mental activity, behavior, and the body.

Episodic memory

Memory for one's personal past experiences.

Exemplar

an example or model, especially an ideal one

Experimental group

Group of participants that receives treatment.

Experimental methods

Research method that can reveal causality by manipulation independent variables and measuring the effects on dependent variables.

Explicit memory

The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences.

exposure

to come in contact

exposure-response prevention

A behavioral treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety-arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts. Also called exposure and ritual prevention.

Extinction

Conditioned response is weakened when conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus.

extrinsic motivation

the drive to engage in activities based on external rewards or incentives, such as money, praise, or recognition.

False memories

Memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.

Fight or flight vs Tend and Befriend

Two distinct responses to stress; the fight or flight response prepares the body for immediate action while the tend and befriend response focuses on nurturing and social support.

Five steps used in the Scientific Method

Formulate a theory, Develop a testable hypothesis, Test with a research method, analyze the data, share the results and conduct more research.

Fixed interval

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Fixed ratio

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Flashbulb memories

Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events.

Fluid intelligence

Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.

fMRI (functional MRI)

Neuroimaging procedure using MRI technology that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

Forebrain

Motivation, emotion, complex thought.