APHG Vocab Units 1-3

Longitude

The distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees.

Latitude

The distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

Prime Meridian

The zero-degree longitude line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Cartographic scale

The way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents.

Small Scale Maps

Maps that show a larger amount of area with less detail.

Large Scale Maps

Maps that show a smaller amount of area with more detail.

Geospatial Data

Quantitative and Spatial data related to geographic locations.

Geographic Imaging System

A computer system that can store, analyze, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets.

Friction of Distance

Indicates that when things are farther apart, they tend to be less connected.

World Regional Scale

A scale representing multiple countries within the world, such as Western Europe.

National Regional Scale

A scale representing a portion of a country or regions within the country, such as eastern China.

Subregions

Regions divided into smaller areas.

Midlatitudes

Regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south of the Equator where most people live.

Social Stratification

The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity.

Baby Bust

A period after a baby boom where birth rates are lower for a number of years.

Echo

An increase in birth rates that reflects an earlier baby boom.

Demographic balancing equation

Current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants).

Rule of 70

A formula to estimate the approximate doubling time in years, which is 70 divided by the growth rate per year.

Stage 1 of DTM

High Stationary stage in the Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 2 of DTM

Early Expanding stage in the Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 3 of DTM

Late Expanding stage in the Demographic Transition Model, where birth rate starts to decline.

Stage 4 of DTM

Low Stationary stage in the Demographic Transition Model.

Stage 5 of the DTM

Declining stage in the Demographic Transition Model.

Demographic momentum

Population continues to grow for at least one generation as countries transition from early stage 3 into stage 4.

Stage 1 of ETM

Disease and Famine stage in the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Stage 2 of ETM

Receding Pandemic stage in the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Stage 3 of ETM

Degenerative and Human-created Diseases stage in the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Stage 4 of ETM

Delayed Degenerative Diseases stage in the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Stage 5 of the ETM

Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases stage in the Epidemiological Transition Model.

Boserup Theory

A theory suggesting that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work.

Migration Transition Model

A model indicating that stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and migration to less-crowded stage 4 or 5 countries.

Gravity Model Of Migration

The concept that larger populations exert more pull on migration, while greater distances lessen that pull.

Counter Migration

Each migration flow that produces a movement in the opposite direction.

Sovereignty

The power of a political unit or government to rule over its own affairs.

Family reunification policies

Policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country.

Tradition Culture

Culture characterized by the passing down of long-held beliefs, values, and practices, often resistant to change.

Folk Cultures

Beliefs and practices of small, homogeneous groups in rural areas, typically slow to change.

Indigenous Culture

Culture of ethnic groups residing in their ancestral lands, often possessing unique cultural traits.

Sociofacts

Ways people organize their society and relate to one another.

Contemporary Architecture

Architecture reflecting cities' wealth and power, extending from post-modern styles.

Diaspora

The scattering of a group of people to various locations.

Charter Group

The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a given space.

Ethnic Islands

Concentrations of ethnic communities in rural areas.

Neolocalism

The process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place.

Blue Laws

Laws that restrict certain activities, such as requiring car dealerships to be closed on Sundays.

Fundamentalism

A strict adherence to the basic principles of a religion, often with literal interpretation.

Social Constructs

Ideas and concepts created and accepted by a society that are not based in nature.

Cultural convergence

The phenomenon where cultures become similar and share more traits, ideas, and beliefs.

Cultural divergence

The process of change in culture over time due to distance, time, and physical separation.

Isoglosses

Geographic boundaries that separate different linguistic features, like dialects.

Gurdwara

A place of worship for Sikhs.

Syncretism

The fusion or blending of distinct cultural traits into a new hybrid trait.

Acculturation

Adopting the values of a larger group while maintaining elements of one's own culture.

Assimilation

The process where an ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.

Nativist

Attitudes among the cultural majority that are anti-immigrant, potentially leading to violence.

Nationalism

A nation’s desire to create and maintain its own state.