APHG Vocab Units 1-3

Unit 1:

Longitude: The distance east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees.

Latitude: The distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

Prime Meridian: The zero-degree longitude line that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

Cartographic scale: the way the map communicates the ratio of its size to the size of what it represents

Small Scale Maps: shows a larger amt of area with less detail

Large Scale Maps: shows a smaller amt of area with more detail

Geospatial Data: Quantitative and Spatial

Geographic Imaging System: Computer system that can store, analysis, and display information from multiple digital maps or geospatial data sets

Friction of Distance: indicates that when things are farther apart, they tend to be less connected

Geographic Scale:

World Regional Scale: Multiple countries within the world (Ex. Western Europe)

National Regional Scale: A portion of the country or regions within the country (ex: eastern China)

Subregions: Regions divided into smaller areas

Midlatitudes: the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the Equator (most people live here)

Unit 2:

Social Stratification: the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity

Baby Bust: after a baby boom; birth rates are lower for a number of years

Echo: an increase that reflects an earlier baby boom

Demographic balancing equation: Current population + (number of births-number of deaths) + (number of immigrants-number of emigrants)

Rule of 70: the approximate doubling time in years will be 70 divided by the growth rate per year

Stage 1 of DTM: High Stationary

Stage 2 of DTM: Early Expanding

Stage 3 of DTM: Late Expanding (birth rate starts to decline)

Stage 4 of DTM: Low Stationary

Stage 5 of the DTM: Declining

Demographic momentum: As countries transition from early stage 3 into stage 4, population will contour to grow for at least one generation

Stage 1 of ETM: Disease and Famine

Stage 2 of ETM: Receding Pandemic

Stage 3 of ETM: Degenerative and Human-created Diseases

Stage 4 of ETM: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Stage 5 of the ETM: Reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases

Boserup Theory: the more ppl there are, the more hands there are to work

Migration Transition Model: Stages 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding, thus people migrate to less-crowded Stage 4 or 5 countries 

Gravity Model Of Migration: The larger the population, the more pull it will have; the more distance between the cities equals less pull

Counter Migration: Each Migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction 

Sovereignty: The power of a political unit or government to rule over its own affairs.

Family reunification policies: allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country 

Unit 3:

Tradition Culture: passing down-long held beliefs, values and practices, and are generally resistant to rapid changes in their culture

Folk Cultures: The beliefs and practices of small, homogenous groups, often living in rural areas that are relatively isolated and slow to change.

Indigenous Culture: when members of an ethnic group reside in their ancestral lands, typically possessing unique cultural traits

Sociofacts: the ways people organize their society and relate to one another

Contemporary Architecture: extension of post-modern architecture; reflection of cities wealth and power

Diaspora: occurs when one group of people is disappeared to various locations

Charter Group: The first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space 

Ethnic Islands: Ethnic concentrations in rural areas

Neolocalism: the process of re-embracing the uniqueness and authenticity of a place

Blue Laws: laws that restrict certain activities (ex. Car dealerships must be closed on Sundays)

Fundamentalism: a literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion

Social Constructs: Ideas, concepts, or perceptions that have been created and accepted by people in a society or a social group that are not created by nature.

Cultural convergence:Are becoming similar to each other and sharing more cultural traits, ideas and beliefs.

Cultural divergence: The idea that a culture may change over time as to elements of distance, time, physical separation and modern technology create divisions and changes. 

Isoglosses: a geographic boundary that separates different linguistic features, such as dialects or language variations, within a specific region

Gurdwara: Sikh’s place of worship

Syncretism: The fusion or blending of two distinct cultural traits into a unique new hybrid trait.

Acculturation: Adopt the values and practices of a larger group while still maintaining valuable elements of their own culture.

Assimilation: When the ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group.

Nativist: Anti immigrant attitudes may form among the cultural majority, sometimes bringing violence and government actions against the immigrant or minority group.

Nationalism: A nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own.