Chapter 18 - McGraw Question

Components of whole blood are most correctly called “formed elements” rather than “cells” because

platelets are just cell fragments and mature erythrocytes don’t have a nucleus or organelles

Hemocytoblasts give rise to ______

all formed elements of blood

All components of plasma that will be found in similar concentrations to that of interstitial fluid

• Waste products

• Nutrients

• Electrolytes

The proteins that exert the greatest colloid osmotic pressure to maintain blood volume and blood pressure are called _____.

Albumins

What are the stem cell with the formed elements that will develop from each

• Hemocytoblast → all formed elements

• Myeloid Stem Cell → erythrocytes, granulocytes, platelets, monocytes

• Lymphoid Stem Cell → leukocytes of the immune response

The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the _____.

leukocytes

The bone marrow cell from which all formed elements are derived is considered _____ because it can differentiate into many different kinds of cells

Multipotent Stem Cell

The plasma component least likely, under normal conditions, to be present in the same amount of interstitial fluid is _____.

Protein

Label three type of stem cells

1. Hemocytoblast

2. Myeloblast

3. Lymphoid

Match each substance that stimulates the development of blood stem cells with its function

• G-CSF → speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes from myeloblasts

• GM-CSF → speeds up the synthesis of granulocytes and monocytes from their progenitor cell

• M-CSF → stimulates production of monocytes from monoblasts

• Thrombopoietin → stimulates the production of megakaryocytes and platelets

• Erythropoietin → speeds up production of erythrocyte progenitor and erythroblasts.

Hemocytoblast give rise to _____.

All formed elements of blood

New erythrocytes are produced at a rate of _____.

3 million per second

The process of leukocyte production is called

leukopoiesis

Choose all that describe lymphocyte maturation

• B-lymphoblasts develop into B-lymphocytes

• T-lymphocytes develop from T-lymphoblasts

Which of the following that stimulate the division of blood stem cells and their development into more specific and committed percursor cells

• Hormones and growth factors

• Colony-stimuating factors (CSFs)

The only formed elements that are nucleated when mature are the _____.

Leukocytes

Oxygenated blood appears ______ red

Dark

From myeloid stem cell to erythrocyte, the process of erythropoiesis takes ____.

6-7 days

When the maximum amount of oxygen is being transported by blood - that is, when blood is saturated with oxygen - it is said to be ______.

Oxygenated

After delivering some oxygen to body cells, blood is no longer saturated with oxygen and is said to be ______.

Deoxygenated

Associated with each globin polypeptide of hemoglobin is a ring-shaped, non-protein structure called a ______ group, at the center of which is ______.

Heme; an iron ion

The binding of _____ to hemoglobin gives arterial blood its bright red color.

Oxygen

When some oxygen has been delivered to tissues and some carbon dioxide has been picked up, blood ______.

is deep red in color

A hemoglobin molecule consists of two polypeptides called ______ chains (globins) and two polypeptides called ______ chains (globins).

alpha; beta

Dark red blood is ______.

Deoxygenated

Which of the following correctly describe erythropoietin?

It stimulates the development of erythrocytes.

Erythrocytes circulate in the bloodstream for approximately _____.

120 days

The cells in the organs that remove old and/or damaged erythrocytes are called ______.

macrophages

When transported by hemoglobin, oxygen binds weakly with the ______.

iron ion of each heme group

True or false: Globin proteins cannot be broken down and formed into erythrocytes

False

A(n) ______ is the initial stimulus for the release of EPO

decrease in blood oxygen

An average of about ______ of erythrocytes are removed from circulation per day

1%

When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the iron of hemoglobin is transported in the blood by the globulin protein ______ and stored in the liver by the protein ______

transferrin; ferritin

Which cells of the spleen and liver remove worn-out red blood cells?

macrophages

If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-B and not the anti-A antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______.

A

If the plasma of a blood sample contains the anti-A and not the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______.

B

When erythrocytes are removed from circulation, the globin proteins _____.

are broken down to amino acids, which can be used to make erythrocytes or any other protein

When an erythrocyte is removed from circulation, the iron ion of hemoglobin is ______.

transported by transferrin to the liver or spleen

A blood sample containing erythrocytes with only surface antigen A on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ______.

A

A blood sample containing erythrocytes with both surface antigen A and surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ______.

AB

A blood sample containing erythrocytes with only surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ______.

B

A blood sample containing erythrocytes with neither surface antigen A nor surface antigen B on the plasma membrane is ABO blood type ______.

O

Type A+ blood has _____.

Both A nd D antigens and B antibodies

Identify the Rh blood type of sample in the image provided

Rh negative

If the plasma of a blood sample contains neither the anti-A nor the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______.

AB

If the plasma of a blood sample contains both the anti-A nor the anti-B antibodies, the ABO blood type is ______.

A person with type A blood has which surface antigen on its red blood cells?

antigen A

Match each blood type with the correct description of the surface antigens and antibodies for that blood type.

• O+ → anti-A antibodies, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D

• AB+ → ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B, Rh antigen D

• A- → ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies

• B+ → ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies, Rh antigen D

• O- → anti-A antibodies, and anti-B antibodies

• AB- → ABO antigen A, ABO antigen B

• A+ → ABO antigen A, anti-B antibodies, Rh antigen D

• B- → ABO antigen B, anti-A antibodies

What is the Rh blood type of the blood sample shown?

Rh positive

Proteins that are Y-shaped and are designed to recognize and immobilize specific antigens that are perceived as foreign to the body are called ______.

antibodies

The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh negative (Rh-) ______ antigen D.

do not have

Diapedesis is a process where ______.

cells squeeze through blood vessel walls

Leukocytes are classified according to ______.

whether or not cytoplasmic granules are visible when the cells in a blood smear are stained

In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be monocytes.

2-8%

Antibodies ______.

• are proteins

• recognize antigens that are not normally found in your plasma

• recognize and immobilize foreign antigens

The erythrocytes of an individual who is Rh positive (Rh+) ______ antigen D.

possess

The process whereby leukocytes are attracted to molecules produced by damaged or dying cells or by invading pathogens is called ______.

chemotaxis

In the figure, the leukocyte labeled ______ is a neutrophil.

A

In the figure, the leukocyte labeled ______ is a monocyte

D

In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be eosinophils.

1-4%

List the five types of leukocytes in order from most to least abundant

1. neutrophils

2. lymphocytes

3. monocytes

4. eosinophils

5. basophils

In the figure, the leukocyte labeled ______ is a basophil

C

White blood cells that have specific granules in their cytosol that are clearly visible when viewed with a microscope are called _______.

granulocytes

In the figure, the leukocyte labeled ______ is a lymphocyte

E

In the blood of a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be neutrophils.

50-70%

Administration of ______ to an Rh- mother carrying an Rh+ fetus prevents the synthesis of anti-D antibodies to Rh+ fetal erythrocytes during pregnancy

RhoGAM

In a healthy adult, neutrophils constitute about ______% of total leukocytes.

50-70%

The nucleus of an eosinophil is normally ______.

bilobed

In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be basophils

0.5-1%

The number of _______ in a person's blood rises dramatically in the presence of an acute bacterial infection, as more are produced that target the bacteria

neutrophils

In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be lymphocytes.

20-40%

The color of eosinophils is due to the presence of _____ in the cytoplasm

granules

The greatest risk for severe illness and even death of an unborn fetus occurs in which of the following conditions?

second pregnancy, Rh- mother with second Rh+ fetus

In a healthy adult, ______ of leukocytes will be eosinophils.

1-4%

When a person's neutrophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently ______.

bacterial infection

The nucleus of a basophil is best described as ______.

bilobed, obscured by blue-violet dark-staining cytoplasmic granules

The function(s) of neutrophils is to ______

phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria

What are all the substances released by basophils?

• Heparin - an anticoagulant

• Histamine - a vasodilator

The nucleus of an eosinophil is normally ______.

bilobed, dark-staining, surrounded. by reddish cytoplasmic granules

What are all the reasons why a person’s eosinophil count could be elevated?

• been infected by a parasitic worm

• had an allergic reaction to pollen, for example

The function(s) of eosinophils is to ______.

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and allergens

Basophils are about ______ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes, and while erythrocytes are the most abundant formed elements, basophils are the ______ abundant.

2; least

The function(s) of basophils is(are) ______.

vasodilation and anticoagulation

The color of eosinophils is due to the presence of _____ in the cytoplasm

granules

Monocytes may be as much as ______ times larger in diameter than erythrocytes.

3

When a person's basophil count is elevated, it is most likely because they have recently ______.

had an allergic reaction (to pollen, for example)

The function(s) of monocytes is to ____.

phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria

The nucleus of a lymphocyte is best described as ______

rounded and dark-staining

What are all the reasons why a person’s lymphocytes could be elevated

• had the flu

• been infected by foreign cells

Most leukocytes release molecules that facilitate their role as defenders of the body. The type of substance released by eosinophils is(are) ______.

antibodies and molecules that coordinate immune response

The best description of the nucleus of the monocyte is that it is ______.

kidney or C-shaped