Biomolecules (B4) and Enzymes (B5)

IGCSE biology

What compounds are carbohydrates and fats/oils of?

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

What is the function and source of starch?

Function: Energy and nutrient storage

Source: Chloroplast and cytoplasm in plant cells

What is the function and source of cellulose?

Function: Structural support

Source: Plant cell walls

What is the function and source of glycogen?

Function: Energy and nutrient storage

Source: Liver and muscles

One simple carbohydrate is GLUCOSE, which is made out of?

6 carbons, 12 hydrogens, 6 oxygens (has a ring shaped structure)

What is the chemical equation for glucose?

C₆H₁₂O₆

What are monosaccharides? Provide all 5 main types

Monosaccharides are 'simple sugars' (they only have one sugar). The main 5 are glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose (RNA), and deoxyribose (DNA).

What are disaccharides? Provide 3 examples

Disaccharides are the mix of 2 monosaccharides. For example, lactose (glucose + galactose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), and maltose (glucose + glucose)

What are polysaccharides? Provide 3 examples

Polysaccharides are the mix of many monosaccharides. For example, cellulose (a lot of glucose found in plants), starch (a lot of glucose found in plants), glycogen (a lot of glucose found in ANIMALS)

What are the differences between fats and oils?

They are very similar chemically, but fats are in the solid state at room temp. (20°C) While oils are in the liquid state. Also, fats tend to be found in animals, while oils are found in plants.

Which 2 molecules are fats and oils made up of?

Glycerol and fatty acids

What compound are proteins of?

Hydrogen (H)

Carbon (C)

Oxygen (O)

Nitrogen (N)

What are proteins made of, and what could they contain?

Proteins are large molecules made of amino acids, and they may contain small amounts of sulfur and selenium

What is Benedict's solution?

A solution used to test the precence of sugars like glucose

What does each color in Benedict's solution mean?

Blue= no sugar

Green-yellow= traces of suga

Orange= moderate amount of sugar

Red= large amounts of sugar

What is Biuret solution and what does each color mean?

Biurte solution is a solution used to test the presence of proteins. Blue is negative and violet-lilac is positive

What is Ethanol and what does each color mean?

Ethanol is an alcoholic compound used to test the presence of fats (lipids). No color change means no fats, and a milky/white color is positive.

What is Iodine solution and what does each color mean?

Iodine solution is used to test the presence of starch. Negative is an orange-brown color, and positive is black-blue

What is an enzyme?

A protein that functions as a biological catalyst

What is a catalyst?

A substance that increases the rate of reaction

What is a reactant?

A substance that takes part in and undergoes change in a reaction

What is the active site?

Specific region in an enzyme where ctalyste happens, where the enzyme and the substarte join

What is denaturation?

When an enzyme's active site permanently changes due to temperature or pH

What is the optimum pH?

The pH level at which the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is at its greatest

What is the optimum temperature

The temperature at which the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is at its greatest

What is activation energy (Ea)?

The amount of energy for a collision to be an effective collision

How can you increase the frequency of collisions?

Increase the kinetic energy of molecules, increase the substrate concentration, and increase concentration of enzyme

What happens to the products in endergonic reactions?

They have more energy than the reactants

What happens to the products in exergonic reactions?

They have less energy than the reactants