Anatomy And Physiology Cell Vocab

Active Transport

From lower to higher concentration

Passive Transport

From higher to lower concentration

Cilia

Found on epitheleal cells, wave rhythimically to push mucus and dirt out. also used to push eggs out of the fallopian tubes

Flagella

Found on some bacteria that allows it to swim

Microvilli

found in the small intestine, increases surface area for nutrient absorbtion

Microtubules

are in the interior of the cell and maintain cell shape by resisting compression._____ is a rope-like component of the cytoskeleton occurring during mitosis.

Microfilaments

thicken the inner edge of a cell to resist tension (stretching).

Chromosome

part of the nucleus. Occur in pairs. Each gene on the chromosome has two alleles

alleles

(such as T and t on a punnett square), one on each chromosome of the pair.

Integral proteins((Fluid Mosaic Theory)

inserted into the lipid bilayer

peripheral proteins(Fluid Mosaic Theory)

bound to the outside of the membrane indirectly by protein-protein interactions.

Interphase

the long life stage of the cell when it is not dividing (mitosis).

Telophase

is the last step of mitosis, when  the chromosomes reach the poles. _____ is followed by cytokinesis, or the division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

Metaphase

 the microtubules of the spindle have attached and the chromosomes have lined up.

anaphase

the sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell

Helicases

 enzymes that unwind DNA whenever a single-stranded DNA is required (DNA replication, DNA repair/recombination, and transcription of RNA). 

Ribosome

 small organelles and are the site of protein synthesis. Mitochondrial ribosomes  perform protein synthesis inside mitochondria,

mitochondria

 the organelles responsible for energy conversion and ATP production in eukaryotic cells

Autosome

any chromosome not considered a sex chromosome occur in pairs somatic cells and as singles in gametes

somatic cells

non-sex cells

genotype

is their unique sequence of DNA (the two alleles a person has inherited for a particular gene.

Phenotype

the detectable expression of this genotype (black hair, blue eyes etc.)

mitotic spindle

a structure composed of microtubule

Germ cell

refers to the sex cells (eggs and sperm). They contain 23 individual chromosomes.

Stem cells

cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body through mitosis and contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. possess the abilities of self-renewal, multipotent differentiation, and repair after organ injury

Cell cycle

 refers to the entire life cycle of a cell.

Mitosis

refers to the part of a cell’s life where cell division occurs.

Golgi complex (apparatus)

a factory in which proteins received from the ER are processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. 

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a network of membranous tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, continuous with the nuclear membrane. It usually has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

hypertonic

hypotonic

solution has a lower concentration of solute than another solution, meaning water will flow out of it.

isotonic

solution has the same or very similar concentration of solute as another solution, meaning the water flow will reach equilibrium

sodium-potassium pump

system moves sodium and potassium ions against large concentration gradients through active transport. It moves two K+ ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps three Na+ ions out of the cell and into the extracellular fluid.

Semipermeable membrane

describes a membrane that allows some particles to pass through (by size),

selectively permeable membrane

"chooses" what passes through (size is not a factor).

Progenitor

already partially differentiated and display a limited capability of differentiation. possess the abilities of self-renewal, multipotent differentiation, and repair after organ injury.