Pharmacology Lecture Notes

Flashcards related to Pharmacology of the respiratory system, Bronchopulmonary diseases, and Anti-inflammatory medications

COPD

Chronic inflammatory lung disease that leads to an irreversible obstructive respiratory dysfunction

Quick Relief Medications

Provide relief of acute asthma episodes; Bronchodilators

Long-term Control Medications

Control and prevent asthma symptoms; Make airways less sensitive to triggers and prevent inflammation that leads to an acute asthma episode (Immunomodulatory); Taken on a daily basis

Bronchodilators

Adrenergic agonist, Selective beta2-R stimulants, Methylxanthines, Anticholinergics - Muscarinic antagonists

Anti-inflammatory

Glucocorticoids, Cromolyn, nedocromil, Leukotriene-antagonists, H1 -R antagonists

Older non-selective Adrenergic Agonists

Ephedrine, Epinephrine, Isoproterenol

Newer selective Beta-2 adrenergic Agonist

Terbutaline, albuterol, pirbuterol, bitolterol, levalbuterol

Relievers: Short-acting (SABAs)

Adrenaline (epinephrine), ephedrine,Stimulates cAMP production, Terbutaline, albuterol, pirbuterol, bitolterol, levalbuterol

Controllers: Long-acting (LABAs); selective β2 agonists

Formoterol, Salmeterol, Indacaterol, Olodaerol

Side effects of Adrenergic Agonists

Tachycardia, Nervousness, Irritability, Tremor, Angina

MoA of Methylxanthines

Inhibits PDE (phosphodiesterase), High levels cAMP, Smooth muscle relaxation, Inhibits IgE release of mast cell mediators, Competitive antagonist at adenosine (A2) receptors

Forms of Methylxanthines

THEOPHYLLINE, Caffeine, Synthetic: AMINOPHYLINE , DYPHILLINE, OXTRIPHYLINE

Side Effects of Methylxanthines

Nausea, vomiting, anorexia, Cardiac effects: sinus tachycardia, extrasystole, palpitations, arrhythmia, Kidney: weak diuretic, Skeletal Muscle: increase contractions

MoA of Anticholinergics

Competitive antagonists of muscarinic Ach receptors

Clinical indications for Anticholinergics

Asthma, Chronic bronchitis, Emphysema, COPD, Excercise-induced bronchospasm

Side Effects of Anticholinergics

Dryness of mouth and airway, headache, Rarely: tachycardia, dry eyes/blurred vision, urinary retention

MoA of Cromolyns: Mast Cell Stabilizers

Alter activity of delayed Cl- channels (inhibiting their activation), Blocks release of inflammatory mediators: mast, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte

Use of Cromolyns: Mast Cell Stabilizers

Prophylactic therapy for mild- moderate allergic asthma, Allergic rhinitis

Side Effects of Cromolyns: Mast Cell Stabilizers

Increased coughing, wheezing

Leukotriene Modifiers Strategies

Leukotriene-Synthesis Inhibitors, Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

MoA of Methylxanthines Bronchodilation

Inhibits PDE (phosphodiesterase), High levels cAMP, Smooth muscle relaxation, Inhibits IgE release of mast cell mediators, Competitive antagonist at adenosine (A2) receptors

Acute inflammation

Acute inflammation is: - innate (present from birth) - stereotyped (happens the same way no matter the cause of the inflammation) - controlled by chemical mediators

Chronic inflammation

• a prolonged inflammatory process with associated fibrosis - involves simultaneous destruction and repair of tissues. - is characterised by the cells that are present including macrophages, lymphocytes, eosinophils and fibroblasts.

Lympholytic GCS - ClinInd

Lymphomas, Hodgkin, Non-Hodgkin, Acute lymphoblastic leukemia