(2) exercise physiology

sport

any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to spectators

sport pyramid model of participation

represents the stages of sport involvement through differences in goals

population

goes down as the level goes up on the sport pyramid model of participation

foundation

level of the sport pyramid model of participation wherein:

goals:

• knowledge

• experience

• social interaction

level of intensity:

• low

• enough for appreciation

• “fun”

participation

level of the sport pyramid model of participation wherein:

goals:

• skill development

• improved physical fitness

• understanding of strategies

level of intensity:

• moderate

• performance over outcome

• routine activity

performance

level of the sport pyramid model of participation wherein:

goals:

• optimal physical conditioning

• representation

• winning

level of intensity:

• high

• very competitive

• outcome over performance

elite

level of the sport pyramid model of participation wherein:

goals:

• elite few

• sport as an occupation / career

• globally recognized

level of intensity:

• very high

• ultimate competition

• outcome over performance is a must to continue within this level

intensity

attribute of exercise that refers to how hard the body is working during physical activity or exercise

heart rate

caused by the impact of blood on the arteries as the heart contracts

beats per minute

how heart rate is expressed as

maximum heart rate

highest number of a person’s heart beat in a span of one minute

karvonen formula

formula used to compute a person’s maximum herat rate

exercise

planned physical activity that has a purpose of achieving physical fitness

physiology

the study of the function of tissues, organs, and systems of the human body

exercise physiology

the study of the effect of single (acute exercise) or repeated bouts (training programs) to the tissues, organs, and systems of the human body

physical fitness

the ability of an individual to carry out everyday tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, with ample energy to enjoy leisure time, and to meet unforeseen emergencies

optimal athletic performance

the result of the best possible human movements to achieve the highest goals in a particular sport

1. cardiovascular endurance

2. muscle strength

3. muscle endurance

4. flexibility

5. body composition

health related components

1. power

2. speed

3. agility

4. reaction time

5. balance

6. coordination

skill related components

skill related components

component of physical fitness for optimal athletic performance or athletic advantage

cardiovascular endurance

the ability of the heart, blood vessels, blood, and respiratory system to supply oxygen to the muscles to allow sustained exercise or strenuous physical tasks

muscle strength

the physical fitness parameter that refers to the ability of the muscle to exert maximal force against a resistance

muscle strength

answers the question on how much load the muscle can resist

muscle endurance

the physical fitness parameter that refers to the ability of muscle to perform heavy physical work continuously for a longer period of time

muscle endurance

answers the question how long can the muscle work

flexibility

the ability of the muscle to move to its full range of motion

body composition

the relative percentage of muscle, fat, bone, and other tissues that comprise the body

power

the physical fitness parameter that refers to the rate of work that can be done as it combines strength and speed

power

how fast you can generate a maximal force

speed

ability to move your body or parts of your body swiftly

agility

the ability to change and control the direction and position of the body while maintaining a constant, rapid motion

reaction time

the ability to reach or respond quickly to what you hear, see, or feel

balance

the ability to control or stabilize the body when a person is standing still or moving

coordination

the ability to use the senses together with body parts during movement

fine motor skills

the coordination of visual reaction and small muscles to produce precise movements that involve the wrist, hands, and fingers

gross motor skills

the coordination of large muscles to produce whole body movements for object-control or locomotion

aerobic capacity

the ability to use oxygen to fuel activity

vo2 max

the highest amount of oxygen used in one minute of maximum intensity physical activity

mL/kg/min

unit that vo2 max is expressed as

low

vo2 max level of 39 and below mL/kg/min

moderate

vo2 max level of 40-69 mL/kg/min

high

vo2 max level of 70 and above mL/kg/min

high

level of muscle strength and endurance for sports that require elements of counteracting heavy internal and external forces for a long period of time

moderate

level of muscle strength and endurance for sports that require elements of counteracting regular internal and external forces for a substantial period of time

low

level of muscle strength and endurance for sports that require elements of counteracting light or no internal and external forces for a short period of time

1. low impact sports

2. skill / precision sports

3. power / anaerobic sports

4. mixed movement sports

5. aerobic / movement

classification of sports physical activities according to physiological needs

low impact sports

• movement: fine

• ae cap: low

• ms & me: low

• pow out: low

• special skill: hand-eye coordination & reaction time

skill / precision sports

• movement: fine

• ae cap: low

• ms & me: mod-high (muscle memory)

• pow out: low-mod

• special skill: hand-eye coordination & reaction time

power / anaerobic sports

• movement: gross

• ae cap: mod-high

• ms & me: very high

• pow out: very high

• special skill: speed & balance

mixed movement sports

• movement: gross

• ae cap: high

• ms & me: high

• pow out: high

• special skill: all skill related components

aerobic / endurance

• movement: gross

• ae cap: very high

• ms & me: high

• pow out: high

• special skill: balance