NCMA216 (Pharmacokinetics)

Tolerance

It refers to a decreased responsiveness to a drug over the course of therapy; an individual with drug tolerance requires a higher dosage of drug to achieve the same therapeutic response.

Tachyphylaxis

It refers to an acute, rapid decrease in response to a drug; it may occur after the first dose or after several doses.

Placebo effect

It is a drug response not attributed to the chemical properties of the drug.

Drug Interaction

It is defined as an altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or multiple drugs.

Drug incompatibility

is a chemical or physical reaction that occurs among two or more drugs in vitro. In other words, the reaction occurs between two or more drugs within a syringe, IV bag, or other artificial environment outside of the body.

Side effects

are secondary effects of drug therapy.

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs)

are unintentional, unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occur at normal drug dosages.

Drug toxicity

occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range: toxicity may occur secondary to overdose (intentional or unintentional) or drug accumulation.

Drug interactions of metabolism

The induction or inhibition of the hepatic microsomal system.

Enzyme inducers

Drugs that promote induction of enzymes

Increased metabolism

It promotes drug elimination and decreases plasma concentration of the drug-- result is a decrease in therapeutic drug action.

Cimetidine

It is an enzyme inhibitor that decreases metabolism of certain drugs

Additive Drug Effects

When two drugs are administered in combination and the response is increased beyond what either could produce alone.

Synergistic Drug Effects

A clinical effect of the two drugs given together is substantially greater than that of either drug alone.

Potentiation

Some antibiotics have an enzyme inhibitor added to the drug to potentiate the therapeutic effect.

Antagonistic Drug Effects

When drugs with antagonistic effects are administered together, one drug reduces or blocks the effect of the other.

Pharmacokinetic Interaction

These are changes that occur in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of one or more drugs.

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

These are those result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic drug effects.

Drug to drug interactions

This is the most common symptoms of-drug interactions.

Drug-Nutrients Interactions

Food substances that may increase, decrease, or delay drug response.

Drug-laboratory interactions

Drugs given may cause misinterpretation or alteration of laboratory test results.

Drug-induced photosensitivity

Skin reaction caused by exposure to sunlight and is caused by the interaction of drug and exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) light.