AP US History Alan Brinkley Chapter 10, 11, 12

Population Increase

1820-1840: population drastically increases

-immigration increaes rapidly during and after 1830s, most settled in cities of NE

-most from Germany and Ireland

-Germans, farmers of the frontier

-irish came here due to the potato famine

Nativism

-distrust and dislike of foreigners,, favoring "native born" Americans

-wanted to stop or slow influx of immigrants

Reasons:

-immigrants would work for lower wages

-belief that immigrants were destroying America and culture

-fear of Catholic Church

-"stealing" votes

-Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Spanner, NINA

Lowell System

The use of water powered textile mills that employed young unmarried women in the 1800's, often farmers' daughters)

-factories were also boarding houses for workers, curfews, churches, high wages

-declined because Panic of 1837 hurt wages

Corporations

-limited liability-stockholders would only lose value of stock if the corporation failed, made people invest in a lot more corporations

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 Landmark ruling of the Massachusetts supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions

-women and AA were not included unions

"Free Labor"

Agricultural North

-OH, IL meatpacking

Chicago also known for meatpacking

West: Livestock and dairy

South: cashcrops

North and Mid-Atlantic: wheat, fruits, vegetables

Inventions: John Deere's steel plow,, reaper

Rural life: church brings community together

agricultural

industry and commerce, were becoming increasingly a part of the new capitalist economy, linked into the national and international markets and so was agriculture. Where agriculture could not compete in this new commercial world, it declined. The Northeast did not have rich soil like the Northwest so many farmers moved to the Northwest

Specialization

the development of skills in a specific kind of work

Corporations Limited Liability Laws

"Cult of Domesticity"

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Factory System

system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency

Free Labor

the northern belief that slavery was dangerous not because of its effect on blacks, but because of what it threatened to do to whites, they argued that at the heart of American democracy was the right of all citizens to own property, to control their own labor, and to have access to opportunities for advancement.

Interchangeable Parts

Identical pieces that could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers

Know-Nothings

1840s-1850s

*A political movement that supported Americans and American ideals over what it was as the influence of immigrants

*Also grew power from those dissatisfied with the perceived unresponsiveness of local leadership

*Influenced by German and Irish Catholic immigration during the period; Know-Nothings suspected the immigrants of anti-Americanism and feared the influence of the Pope in Rome

*The name of the movement came from its roots in secrecy' in its early days, member were supposed to answer that they did not know about the organization if asked by outsiders

*The movement grew in size and political representation in 1854 and 1855, but it was split by the slavery issue, and most members joined joined the Republican Party by the 1860 presidential election

American Party

In the early 1850s, this party which opposed immigrants, nominated candidates for office. They were also called the Know-Nothing party. (p. 176)

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Machine Tools

Cutting, boring, and drilling machines used to produce standardized metal parts, which were then assembled into products such as textile looms and sewing machines. The rapid development of machine tools by American inventors in the early nineteenth century was a factor in the rapid spread of industrialization.

Middle Class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Nativism

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people

PT Barnum

the famous and unscrupulous showman, opened the American Museum in New York in 1842, not a showcase for art or nature, but a great freak show populated by midgets, Siamese twins, magicians, and ventriloquists, eventually launching his famous circus. He was a genius drawing crowds into the circus by- engaging speakers, elaborate newspaper ads, and garish( not in good taste) posters.

Samuel F.B. Morse

invented the telegraph

Social Mobility

Movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

Steel plow

Invented by John Deere and was strong enough to cut through the tough prairie sod of the Midwest and the Plains.

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named for the Middle English word truck, meaning "barter" or "exchange of commodities."

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

John Deere

American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.

Cult of Honor

This was the male southern code of chivalry. It included dueling and protecting the women, and southerner men fiercely protected it.

De Bow's Review

A magazine published by James about advocating southern commercial and agricultural expansion

Gabriel Prosser

In 1800 this slave planned a slave uprising that was betrayed by other slaves. Prosser and his followers were executed.

Gang System

System of slave labor where enslaved labor would work from sun up to sundown

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Paternalism / Patriarchy

Used to justify slavery; guided much of the Southern rationale for slavery; a slave holder had control over women, children, and his claves; A "Paternal" relationship between slaves and masters.

"Sambo"

was an extreme sterotype of slaves. the sambo acted out the role that the white world expected them to. This was in most cases, only an act in front of the white people

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Slave music

Music created by slaves for the purpose of religion, work and recreation - became the foundation for later styles of music known as gospel, jazz, and blues

Slave family

The family unit in slave communities, though marriages were not legally recognized; slaves being resold was a constant threat to familial unity.

Task system

A method of organizing enslaved labor in which workers were given specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose

Free Blacks prior to 1860

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

International Slave Trade

After this closed in 1808; slaves continued to be sold and traded in the Slave Trade

Domestic Slave Trade

the trade of enslaved people among states of the US

Underground Railroad

(FP) 1830, Harriet Tubman, a system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa.

Amistad

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry Melville

was a novelist that began to change the tone of American literature; wrote Moby Dick

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A prominent advocate of women's rights, Stanton organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

Feminism

The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Fugitive Slave Law

this law required that northern states forcibly returned escaped slaves to their owners.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

(1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin.

Horace Mann

United States educator who introduced reforms that significantly altered the system of public education (1796-1859)

Joseph Smith

Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844; translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Angelina Grimke

Daughters of a South Carolina slaveholder that were antislavery. Controversial because they spoke to audiences of both men and women at a time when it was thought indelicate to address male audiences. Womens' rights advocates as well.

Dorethea Dix

Educated the public about the poor conditions for prisoners and the mentally ill.

Protestant Revivalism

Changes in protestant esp. Presbyterian beliefs, began with the Second Great Awakening, became a powerful force for social reform *more people began to believe that every individual was capable of salvation, a revival of faith need not depend on a miracle from God; it could be created by individual effort

Seneca Falls Convention

the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Temperance crusade

Supported mostly by women and employers. Alcohol was viewed as an inhibitor to performance in families and factories; Women's Christian Temperance Union formed; pressed for legislative abolition of saloons.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Utopian Societies

Group of small societies that appeared during the 1800s in an effort to reform American society and create a "perfect" environment (Ex. Shakers, Oneidas, Brook Farm, etc.).

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Oneida

The Perfectionist Utopian movement began in New York. People lived in a commune and shared everything, even marriages. Today, the town is known for manufacturing silverware.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Supreme Court case in which Edward Prigg appealed to the US Supreme Court on the grounds that the Pennsylvania law arrogated the State powers over and above those allowed by the US Constitution The court held that Federal law is superior to State law, and overturned the conviction of Prigg as a result.

New Harmony

first Utopian society, by Robert Owen

Shakerism

a religious faith that believed in sexual equality, and a god that was not male or female

The Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848