EOC PT 1

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Impact caused the North and South to further split. The North bought many copies, while some Southern states banned it.

Abolitionists

The primary goal was to end slavery.

Dred Scott Decision

1) can't bring suit because he is not a citizen 2) no African American will ever be a citizen 3) Congress has no right to restrict slavery in the territories

Popular Sovereignty

Allowing the people to vote to decide whether their territory will be free or slave.

Compromise of 1850

1) California as a free state 2) New Mexico and Utah decide slavery by popular sovereignty 3) passed a stronger Fugitive Slave Act

Ft. Sumter, South Carolina

The first military conflict of the Civil War.

Advantages of the Confederacy

1) fighting a war to defend their homes 2) they had the best generals (military leaders) 3) better soldiers due to their outdoor lifestyle (hunting and fishing, etc.)

Anaconda Plan

Intended to strangle the southern economy by: 1) blockading the southern ports (trade) 2) taking control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy.

General Sherman's March to the Sea

An effort to totally defeat and discourage the South, destroy their morale and force surrender.

Battle of Gettysburg

The turning point of the war leading to the Union victory. Largest battle of the war. Three days and 55,000 casualties.

Reconstruction

Rebuilding and reuniting the North and South including buildings, the economy, and society.

Compromise of 1877

Resulted in Rutherford Hayes becoming president and the Union pulling the military out of the South. Ended Reconstruction and led to Jim Crow South.

Ku Klux Klan

Caused fear and intimidation in the South to restrict the lives and political activities of African Americans.

Lincoln's election

Caused the South to secede from the Union.

Emancipation Proclamation

Changed the motivation of the North in fighting the war. Raised the war to a moral conflict to free slaves.

Radical Reconstruction

Five military districts and martial law in the South to make sure African Americans rights were protected.

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

13th abolished slavery, 14th granted citizenship and equal protection of the law, 15th granted voting rights for former slaves

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who came to the South to take advantage of the situation

Scalawags

Southerners who joined the Republican Party and supported Reconstruction; traitors

Freedman's Bureau's Positive Long-Term Effect

The HSBC's and education in the South for all races.

Sharecropping and Debt Peonage

Used to keep sharecroppers (former slaves) tied to the land. Landowners hold a debt over them so they can't leave.

Sharecroppers

Receive land and supplies to raise a crop and split it with the landowner.

Tenant farmers

Rented land and kept the entire crop.

Black Codes

Restrictive laws passed after the war but before Reconstruction

Jim Crow Laws

Restrictive laws including segregation which came about after Reconstruction ended

Plessy v Ferguson

Led to the standard of separate but equal in America for 58 years.

Voting Restrictions Under Jim Crow

1) literacy tests (to qualify) 2) poll taxes (voting tax) 3) Grandfather Clauses (favoritism toward whites)

Missouri Compromise

1) Missouri admitted as a slave state 2) Maine admitted as a free state 3) Line drawn along the southern border of Missouri to the Pacific coast dividing free territory (north) and slave territory (south)

John Brown raid on Harper's Ferry

Further divided the North and South. North saw him as a hero while South saw him as a traitor and criminal.

Bleeding Kansas

1) popular sovereignty's use in Kansas to determine whether slave or free 2) Pro-slavery supporters moved to Kansas to "steal" the election. 3) Violence between abolitionist and pro-slavery towns over slavery

Harriet Tubman

Participation in bringing slaves north to freedom with the Underground Railroad. She took many trips south and led 300+ slaves to freedom.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved to the West for more opportunity and freedom after the Reconstruction, mostly coming from the South.

White American Movement on Native American Lands

Native Americans were continually forced on to worthless land (Reservations) by the U.S. Army.

Discovery of Gold and Silver/Offers of Free Land

Attracted thousands of people from the East to the West.

Growing Demand for Beef After the Civil War

Growth of cities in the East and the development of the railroads.

Negative Impact of Americanization

Natives saw the survival of their traditional cultures threatened.

How Farmers Adapted to the Great Plains

Building sod houses, using barbed wire and dry farming techniques, burning buffalo chips for fuel, using steel plows for tough soil and the use of windmills to pump water.

Government's Motive for Passing Homestead Act of 1862

Committed to supporting settlers to go to the West.

Effect of the Morrill Act

Establish agricultural colleges on federal land in the West.

Bonanza Farming

Massive single-crop farms which were run like big business by private investors and railroad companies.

Battle of Wounded Knee

Brought an end to the wars between the Plains Indians and the government.

End of Populist Movement

The election of William McKinley as President in 1896.

Cowboy (Reality vs. Myth)

Actually worked long hours and lived on the trail for months at a time instead of living a romantic, gunslinging lifestyle.

Trail of Tears

The result of the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 being enforced on the Cherokee tribe.

Motive for Destruction of Buffalo

To eliminate the important source of food, shelter, clothing and tools for the Plains Indians.

Results of Battle of Little Bighorn

Massacre of George Custer and the entire 7th Calvary in 1876 and hurt the Native American cause due to the image it created.

Federal Government Encouraged Railroads

Pacific Railway Act and the gift of free land building track in the West.

American Population Living in the West (1850 vs. 1900)

Went from 1% to 30%.

Women in the West

Examples of how women had more freedom and equality in the West included the opportunity to vote and hold public office.

Farmers' Problems with Railroads

Higher rates for transporting their crops to market and charging more for short trips than much longer trips in other parts of the country.

Farmer's Use of Grange and other Farmers' Alliances

To fight against the power of the railroads and their monopoly in the West.

Populism

Give more power to the people and to pay attention to the needs of the common man.

Dawes Act of 1887

Break up the reservation lands to sell much of it to settlers and to encourage Americanization of the Native American tribes.

Sand Creek Massacre

Colonel Chivington and his men massacred 150 mostly women and children in Colorado. Chivington wasn't held responsible because he was following orders.

Culture of the Plains Indians Prior to Westward Expansion

Buffalo and the horse.

Springtime Event Known as 'The Roundup'

Cowboys would go out on the range and gather all of the cattle they could find with their brand on them and bring them into the corral.

End of 'Open Range' Style of Cattle Farming

Bad weather, barbed wire and other new technologies, a drop in beef prices due to a surplus and a shortage of good grazing land.

Purpose of Reservation System for Native Americans

Clear federal lands for settlement by railroads, ranchers and farmers.

Push Factors for People Going West

Lack of opportunities and the overcrowded cities of the East.

Intended Goal of the Granger Laws

Protect the interests of farmers against the overcharging of the railroads.

Significance of Buffalo Soldiers in the Military

The oppressed were now becoming the oppressors by joining the fight against the Native Americans to take their land.

Importance of the Bessemer Process

Caused the impurities to be removed creating much stronger steel.

Effect of Increased Standard of Living

Led to increased immigration from Europe.

Granger Laws

Led to the government regulating the railroads in order to protect farmers and the best interest of the public.

Purpose of the Establishment of the Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Allow the government to supervise the railroads for the good of the public.

Industrial Consolidation

Large corporations bought the stock of smaller corporations in an attempt to monopolize and industry.

John D. Rockefeller

Owner of Standard Oil Company which controlled up to 90% of the nation's oil refining.

Great Strike of 1877

Railroad strike which lasted for more than a week until the president intervened and declared the strikers were impeding interstate commerce and he sent in federal troops to end the strike.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887) & The Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Relating to the government's role in business.

Social Darwinism

As applied to economic activity led to a "survival of the fittest" economic system. Those who were stronger of more economically fit would succeed while those who were less fit would fail.

Causes of Industrial Boom After Civil War

1) tremendous natural resources 2) government support for business 3) massive growth of cities

Electricity & Improvements in Steel

Made significant changes for business and the daily lives of people and their standard of living.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

A railroad company submitting an inflated contract which allowed a group of politicians to pocket huge profits from the railroad construction project.

Horizontal & Vertical Integration

Systems where a corporation would buy all of its suppliers to control its costs and the market.

Munn v. Illinois

The government has the authority to regulate business for the public's best interest.

The Haymarket Affair

Cause the public view organized labor negatively as violent.

American Federation of Labor

Led by Samuel Gompers, represented skilled workers and workers in negotiations with management for improved wages, hours and working conditions.

Labor for First Transcontinental Railroad

Chinese and the Irish.

Inventions Which Affected Office Work

Telephone and the typewriter.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

New York City adopting the strictest fire code of any American city.

The "Melting Pot"

Encouraged a mixture of people of different cultures and races to blend, together by abandoning their native languages and customs to form an American culture.

Nativism

Led to restrictions on immigration. Nativism was the belief that native-born Americans should receive favoritism.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Led to the end of Chinese immigration to the U.S. from 1882-1943.

Ellis Island

Served as the chief immigration processing station on the east coast of the U.S. Over 17 million people entered the U.S. there.

Asian Immigration (Late 1800's/Early 1900's)

Primarily from China (300,000 between 1850 and 1883) and Japan (200,000 between 1900 and 1924).

European Immigration (1870-1920)

1) 1870-1890 Primarily Northern and Western Europe (British Isles, Germany, France and Scandinavia) 2) 1890-1920 Primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe (Spain, Italy, Greece and Poland)

Urbanization

Massive growth of cities due to business and immigration.

Americanization Movement

Assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant American culture.

African Americans Moving North and West (1890-1910)

1) to escape racial violence 2) more economic opportunities 3) increased political freedom

Settlement Houses

Open community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to the people of the area, particularly immigrants.

Political Machines

Organize a group of political organizers who controlled the activities of a political party in, order to control the city. Often offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

Graft

Using a person's political position for personal gain.

Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall

Personified the problem of graft and corruption in big city government in America. He was convicted on 120 counts and sentenced to prison, later escaping, before being captured in Spain.

Patronage

Allow elected officials to give jobs to their political supporters regardless of qualifications.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

James Garfield was assassinated by a man who felt he was owed a job. (patronage) Led President Chester Arthur to push for a professional system for hiring government workers.

Grover Cleveland

The only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms. (1885-1889 and 1893-1897) until Donald Trump.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine asserted the right of the United States to intervene in order to stabilize the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts.

"Yellow Journalism"

Sensationalized news reporting, often exaggerated or fabricated, used to sway public opinion.

"That Splendid Little War"

A phrase used to describe the Spanish-American War due to its short duration and perceived ease of victory for the U.S.

Anti-Imperialist Attitude

Opposition to the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.