EQ2: What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, different groups of people and cultures and the physical environment

Global shift began in

1970’s to 1980’s

Global shift

Movement of manufacturing work from Europe and USA to asian countries

Factors which have led to globalisation

• Cheaper land

• Cheaper labour > fewer worker rights > no maternity pay

• Less environmental regulations > no emission caps

• Education programmes > learn to speak English > call centres

Winners of globalisation

China and India

China background info

Largest world recipient of FDI since 2000

Rapid industrialisation of china accompanied by rapid urbanisation

Benefits of growth in china

Infrastructure > heavily invested in infrastructure, longest highway network,

Reduction in poverty > 680m people lifted out of poverty, remittance payments, only 20 percent now live in poverty

Increase in income > rapid urbanisation, education, skills needed to succeed in modern economy

Costs of global shift - china

Over exploitation of resources > oil and coal china can’t keep up so bought additional resources from Africa

Loss of biodiversity > land clearance led to deforestation and intensive grazing

Increase in unplanned settlements > farmland privately developed for housing without permission, rapid industrialisation urgently need for more housing so increase in informal housing

Pollution and health problems > loss of habitats, air pollution so bad have frequent pollution alerts, 4400 people die of air pollution every year

Losers of global shift - Leicester

Increase in manufacturing moving abroad, once dominated by textiles industries, overseas comp cheaper so many jobs lost over 65000.

Lower standard of living overseas, TNC’s pay less

Dereliction, unemployment, led to low incomes and benefits moved to cheap areas

Detroit Michigan - losers

Most neglected city in USA, crime rampant, birth place of automobiles but then moved abroad caused mass unemployment

Issue of suburbanisation spread away from city centres, cheaper spend locally also increase in mechanisation

Impacts > economic decline increased poverty, murder capital of world

No tax being payed, no pension services, Detroit filed for bankruptcy,

1 in every 3 live below poverty line

Natural increase

Difference between a society’s birth rate and death rate

Social challenges caused by rapid growth

Higher level of diseases

Contaminated water

Poor health care

No regulations, lack of education, highly populated

Environmental challenges caused by rapid growth

• Air pollution

• Deforestation

• Soil degradation

Push factors from Mumbai

High cost of living

Overcrowding and congestion

Poor air quality and pollution

Pull factors to Mumbai

Education and opportunity

Public services

Environmental challenges of Mumbai

700,000 cars on road

7000 metric tonnes rubbish produced each day

Air pollution 3x more safe limit

Social challenges Mumbai

96 percent homeless families have been on streets for over 5 years

450 new veichles registered every day

Social challenges in Lagos

Lack of education

Poor sanitation

High crime

Poor healthcare

Flooding and poor drainage

Environmental challenges in algos

Air pollution traffic congestion

Water pollution sewage cholera

Urban sprawl loss of natural areas

Elite international migrants

Highly skilled professionals or influential people

Low waged international migrants

Legal or illegal migrants that work in jobs with low wages for example in construction, kitchens, cleaning

Global hubs

Cities regions that serve as central points for international business, trade, and cultural exchange, characterised by high connectivity and influence.

Cultural diffusion

Spread of cultural ideas and way of life between individuals and cultures

Cultural erosion

Loss or dilution of specific culture due to cultural diffusion resulting in a change in ideas and traditions

Hyperglobalisation

Spread of westernised global culture emerging as a result of cultural erosion

Costs of a global culture - social

Physical health impacts - obesity

Loss of traditional foods

Amazonia westernised clothing

Costs of a global culture - economic

Rural-urban migration occurring leaving behind traditional homes

Costs of a global culture - environment

Meat diet led to methane gas release and deforestation

Global culture benefits

• easier for people to fit in

• easier to communicate

• promote equality’s freedom

Global culture costs

Citizens may begin to feel culture being taken over

Smaller cultures may be lost forever

Cuba cultural exchange

Gradually opening doors after disputes with USA.

USA created embargo access to goods

Cuba entered special period in economic crisis so gov allowed limited FDI

Resisting cultural change

Religious beliefs, loss of languages, music, ethnicity, national provide, concerns over western influences, protect local businesses

China censorship

Great firewall - blocks access to many foreign websites. Encourages use monitored social media such as WeChat, Yoku

10,000 website blocked

Restricts foreign media

Government allows nunber or foreign films to be screened censoring certain films

Censorship - North Korea

Unlike China which is open to FDI, they aren’t

Only allow state run media outlets

Few tv radio channels foreign films to be blocked

K-pop illegal officials enforcing harsh penalties on citizens distributing or consuming it