Chapter 1_History of Computing

gadgets

Man sought to improved life through the invention of _____

utility tools

First _____ recorded dealt with numbers

Abacus

Mother of Computers

commerce

• 1500AD and 1900AD lot of activities in the development of computing devices

• Driven by _____

punched card

• Major breakthrough in speed up

• Revolutionized computing

• Quickly spread in other fields

• Speed up computation and storage of information

Boolean Algebra

• Opened fields of mathematics, engineering, & computing

• Lead to the new frontiers in logic

Paper tape

• to store information

• Created new excitement in the computing community of the time.

• Huge amounts of data could be entered & stored

circuits, switches

• Charles Pierce first linked Boolean Algebra to ______ based on _____

• Major break through in mathematics, engineering and computing science

Venn diagrams

Used extensively in switching algebras in both hardware and software development

Tabulating Machine

• Utilized Jacquard’s punched card to read the presence or absence of holes.

• The data read was to be collated using an automatic electrical tabulating machine

• Large number of clock-like counters

• Summed up and accumulated the results in a number of selected categories.

Vacuum tube

• Played a major role in computing for the next half century.

• All digital computer in the first half century ran on _____

semiconductor transistor

• Not used for several years

• Came to dominate the computing industry in late years

Turing Machine

• Invention of an abstract computer

• Some problems do not lend themselves to algorithmic representations, not computable

COLOSSUS

• one of the first working programmable digital computers

• used about 1800 vacuum tubes

• execute a variety of routines.

German ENIGMA code

COLOSSUS is designed to break the _____

1st digital computer model

• utilized capacitors to store electronic charge to represent Boolean numbers

• 0 and 1 used by the machine in calculations

• Input and output data was on punched cards

• Some doubt it ever worked

capacitors

1st digital computer model utilized _____ to store electronic charge to represent Boolean numbers

Harvard Mark I

1st large scale automatic digital computer.

IBM automatic sequencer calculator- ASCC

Harvard Mark I is also known as _____

ENIAC

• Vacuum tube-based general purpose

• 10 feet high

• Weighed 30 tons

• Occupied 1000 square feet

• 70,000 resistors

• 10,000 capacitors

• 6000 switches

• 18,000 vacuum tube

• No internal memory

• Hard-wired

• Consistently programmed by switches and diodes

EDVAC

• Electronic discrete variable automatic computer

• 1st truly general purpose digital computer

• Stored program instruction concept

• completed in 1956

• 4,000 vacuum tubes and 10,000 crystal diodes

UNIVAC I

1st commercially available computer.

International Business Machines (IBM),

Honeywell, and Control Data Corporation (CDC) in the USA,

International Computers Limited (ICL) in UK

After 1900

• Many companies became involved

• Built mainframe

• Huge – took entire rooms

• Expensive – use limited to big corporations

Minicomputer

less expensive but smaller computer

first microprocessor

• Built with integrated circuit with many transistors on a single board

• Vacuum tubes and diodes no longer used

4004

4-bit data path

8008

• 8-bit microprocessor based on the 4004

• first microprocessor to use a compiler

• Specific application microprocessors

8080

• truly general purpose microprocessor

• 8-bit device

• 4,500 transistors

• astonishing 200,000 operations per second

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM),

Gary Kildall,

Bill Gates

Major Players in Personal computing industry during the mid 1970s (3)

Telegraph,

Telephone,

Radio,

Computers

Internet based on technologies (4)

Internet

• Originated from the early work of J.C.R. Licklider

• Conceptualized a global interconnected set of computers

• Concept for communication between network nodes

  • Packets instead of circuits

  • Enabled computers to talk to each other.

ARPNET,

IMP

Additional important projects in the development of the Internet (2)

ARPANET

• Began as tool for defense contractors

• Universities added

• Government joined

• Other countries joined

• ceased to exist in 1989

• Internet was an entity to itself

HyperText and CERN

Enable collaboration between physicists & researchers in the high energy physics research

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

hypertext concepts - to be used to write web documents

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Used to transmit web pages between hosts

• Web browser client software program to receive and interpret data and display results.

user interface

• Tim Berners-Lee’s roposal included a very important concept for the _____

• Consistent across all types of computer platforms

• Enable users to access information from any computer.

• Line-mode interface was developed & named at CERN in late 1989

graphic user interface browser

• Mosaic

• Popularized and fueled growth of internet

Computer Crimes

• Perhaps started with the invention of the computer virus

• Spreads in the new environment

• Attacks major system

• Weakens the capacity of resources to perform

virus,

poison

virus is derived from a Latin word _____ which means _____

Computer virus

• Self-propagating computer program

• Designed to alter or destroy a computer system resource

• used to describe piece of unwanted computer code

Computer Ethics

• is the analysis of the nature and social impact of computer technology and the corresponding formulation and justification of policies for the ethical use of such technology.

• Definition focuses on the human actions

• Study, an analysis of the values of human actions influenced by computer technology.

• Computer influence on human actions is widespread throughout the decision making process preceding the action

decision making process

Education we study the factors that influence the _____

Central task,

Vacuums,

Professionals unprepared,

stop the vacuums,

prepare the professionals

• Why You Should Study Computer Ethics

• _____ of computer ethics

  • determine what should be done

  • Especially whenever there is a policy vacuum

• _____ caused by the ‘confusion’ between the known policies and what is presented

• _____ to deal effectively with the ethical issues

• Can _____

• Can _____

determine what should be done,

policy vacuum

Central task of computer ethics

• _____

• Especially whenever there is a _____

policy vacuum

• caused by the ‘confusion’ between the known policies and what is presented

• refers to a critical absence or inadequacy of coherent, effective, and enforceable policies to address pressing societal issues.

• existing policies are inadequate to guide the conduct.

Study computer ethics as remedial moral education,

Computer ethics education not as a moral education but as a field worthy of study in its own right

Schools of Thought (2)

Study computer ethics as remedial moral education

• Some argue that computer ethics courses should serve as moral training for students who might not have developed strong ethical foundations yet.

• The idea: Since technology professionals make decisions that affect privacy, security, commerce, and even democracy, they must be reminded of basic moral principles (honesty, fairness, respect, responsibility).

• In this view, computer ethics is like a refresher course in morality applied to technology.

• Example: Teaching students why hacking, piracy, plagiarism, or spreading misinformation is wrong—not just legally, but morally.

Justification for First Thought

• We should study computer ethics because doing so will make us behave like responsible professionals.

• We should study computer ethics because doing so will teach us how to avoid computer abuse and catastrophes.

Computer Ethics as a Field Worthy of Study in Its Own Right

• Other scholars (like James Moor, Deborah Johnson, etc.) argue that computer ethics is not just about teaching morality—it’s about studying the unique ethical problems created by computers and digital technology.

• Computers create situations that didn’t exist before, such as:

  • Is artificial intelligence responsible for its decisions?

  • Who owns digital data?

  • Should algorithms be transparent?

  • What about privacy in social media and surveillance?

  • These are new problems, not covered by traditional moral lessons.

• Therefore, computer ethics is seen as a specialized discipline, just like medical ethics or business ethics, with its own theories, case studies, and methods.

Justification for Second Thought

• We should study computer ethics because the

  • advance of computing technology will continue to create temporary policy vacuums.

  • use of computing permanently transforms certain ethical issues to the degree that their alterations require independent study.

  • use of computing technology creates, and will continue to create, novel ethical issues that require special study.

  • set of novel and transformed issues is large enough and coherent enough to define a new field