ANT100 EVO

Crepuscular

active at dawn and dusk

Cathemeral

active anytime day or night

Primates typically eat what?

Fruits, flowers, insects, (special ones eat leaves)

Large primates Diet is different...

they eat lots of non-nutritious food, compared to small ones that eat dense small meals

2 subcategories of Primate

Strepsirhini and Haplorhini

Strepsirhine Characteristics

Dental tooth comb, wet nose, unfused mandible, tapetum lucidum (see well), postorbital bar (bone around eye)

Sub families of Strepsirhini

Lemuriformes
-lemuroidea
-lorisoida

Lemuroidea basics

Madagascar, quadrupeds, female dominate

Lorisoida

Africa sahara, southeast asia, quadrupeds, nocturnal

Haplorhine characteristics

Dry nose, retinal fovea, postorbital closure (eyes in bone), fused mandible and frontal symphyses

Haplorhine Sub categories

-Tarsiiformes
-Platyrrhini
-Catarrhini

Tarsiiformes Characteristics

Small bodies, large eyes, Phillipines

Platyrrhini Characteristics

South America, 11-11.4kg, Cebidae, atelidae + callitrichidae, prehensile tail (like a hand), arboreal

Catarrhini Characteristics

Africa + Asia, 1-175kg, old world monkey's, Variety diets, social

Primate Ranging Patterns (name them)

Home range, core area, territories (do not defend), daily path (where they go in 24hrs), day range (their limit)

Primates social ways (name them)

Deception, Female-male choice, homosexuality, warfare, kin recognition, friendship

Social Grooming is for?

establishing + maintaining social bonds then hygiene

Social organizations

Foraging laws, mate laws, housing, Female/Male philopatry (leaving at sexual maturity)

Epochs in Order

Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Holocene

Paleocene Climate and famous hominin

Hot and Humid, following the break up of pangea.
-Plesiadapiformes

Plesiadapiformes Characteristics

ARE Not PRIMATES. Body size, Niche: Nocturnal, Eat bugs and seeds, used to be primates comparing teeth, not earlier primates

Eocene Climate and famous hominin

Cooling down, land hasn't made contact yet
-Adapidae
-Omomyidae

Adapidae Characteristics

100-6900g, quadpeds leapers, fruits, bugs, leavesm led to lemurs

Omomyidae Characteristics

45-2500g, leaper teeth, soft fruits, insects, ancestor of tarsiers

Oligocenes Climate and famous hominin

Warms again, india yet to hit
-3 haplorhini features appeared. frontal lobe, postorbital bar, mandible
-Parapithecidae. Propliopithecidae. and Platyrrhini

Miocene Climate and famous hominin

Mediterranean Dried up, cooling lands
-Early: Monkey in africa
-Mid: Ape-like catarrhines Eurasia
-Late: Ape become rare (forest gets dry)
-Monkey's may have rafted or migrated before the continents split

Pliocene Climate and famous hominin

Lands still moving, still open at panama, fluctuations in temperature, and the Mediterranean is filled
-Fossil Cercopithecinae
-Fossil Colobinae

Australopithecus Afrarensis

4.2-3 MYA Ethiopia, smart, Laetoli footprints, ape (sagital crest) and hominin like (valgus knee)
-Salem: 3yrs female 3.2MYA

Ardipithecus Ramidus

Ethiopia 4.4MYA, walking on hands and feet, ape (thin enamel) and human like (small canine, bipedal)

Australopithecus Aethiopicus

2.7-2.3 MYA East Africa

Australopithecus Boisei

2.2-1.2 MYA East Africa

Australopithecus Robustus

2.0-1.0 MYA South Africa

Australopithecus Sediba

Malapa South Africa 1.98MYA, 9 year old boy, human like (brain, pelvis, bipedal), had ape grappers

Homo Habilis

"Handy Man" they were found near tools, Form tanzania, kenya, ethopia, first species of homo.

Homo Rudolfensis

Koobi Fora, Kenya. Confused with habilis

Homo Erectus

South East Asia and Africa, 1.8MYA-27KYA. mirgated to asia first. Bigger brain and short and thick, used fire (smoking out predators and cooking)

Homo Ergaster

East South Africa, 1.8-1.3MYA. thinner skull than erectus no suborbital foramen

Homo Heidelbergensis

Europe and Africa, 700-130 KYA. from erectus, bigger brain and body

Homo Antecessor

Spain, 1.2 MYA-800KYA, first hominin in europe

Homo neanderthalensis

Europe + Middle East, 300-35KYA, Bones marked with muscle, cotrical bones and large joints. Larger than modern humans, had tools

Homo Naledi

2013 South Africa, no date, body mass + stature = suggests small body

Homo Floresiensis

Flores Island Indonesia. 95-13KYA. Small body/brain. Primative and derived traits

Homo Sapiens

300KYA in Africa, 150KYA Asia/Middle East. 50KYA in Europe, used fire, cultural remains, complex tools

Multiregional Hypothesis

No wave of sapiens replacement. Erectus is most recent, neanderthal contributed to the gene pool

vs. Replacement Hypothesis

When erectus was here, humans were not

Denisova Hominin

Cave in Russia, found a tooth + finger not fossilized, not human nor neanderthal, 390KYA. lived and interbred in asia

Denisovan finger

13 year old girl would had a neanderthal mother and a denisovan father. Gene flow could have led to immunity against pathogens

White bundle

pale skin, straight/wavy hair, thin nose, medium/tall stature

Black bundle

black/brown skin, wirey hair, thick nose, medium stature

Methods of Forensic Anthropologists

Measure AGE, STATURE, SEX, PATHOLOGY(TRUAMA)

Forensic Method of Age

Ossification of bone

Forensic Method of Sex

Pelvis size/angle

Forensic Method of Stature

Long bones and humorous length, males have longer humorous

Forensic Method of Trauma (Pathology)

Pre-mortem: Some disease affect your bones (syphillis)
Peri-mortem: location, size, and weapon
Post mortem: contaminated scene, decomposers