Bio grade 10 chapters 7 & 8

cells

Defing a living thing

-Needs energy, produces waste, responds & adapts to enviroment, reproduces, grows in some way, composed of 1 or more cells. 6 things

Abiogenisis

Life arises form spontaneous generation, was based off an observation. Astrotle

Biogenesis

Living organisms aries from other living oraganisms. Pasteur disscovered.

What cells are

The smallest functional unit of life. All cells are produced from other cells. All organisims have 1 or more cells.

Cell cuturing

Cells are grown in test tubes or petri dishes. It holds generations.

Stem cells 

Cells that have the ability to become anytype of cell

Nucleous

Like a manager or a mayor that directs all cells activites. Cell genes are in. 

Lysosomes

Is digestive enzymes, a type of protein. Can fuse with vesciles containg food particles, the digestive enzymes break down particles (just like how ours break down food).

Endoplasmic reticulum

Like a network of folded membranes and tubes connected with the nucleus. Has 2 parts. Rough= studied with ribosomes (build protiens) than packaged in vesciles for transport. Smooth= synthesises lipids & packages large molecules in vesciles, than transported to other parts of the cell.

Golgi apparatus

Molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum stop at this part of the cell. Like a post office sorts & repackages the molecules into vesciles which go to other places in the cell.

Mitochondria

Like a source of energy. Chemical reactions convert theenergy in food molecules into a form that the cell can use to carry out other activites.

Centrioles

Are cylindrical structures located just outside the cell division by helping move genetic material correctly into each new cell.

Vacuoles

Provide storage space for water, food, and minerals. Some contain waste. Plants use so they have posion in the cell that provents animals from eating them.

Cell wall

Gives cells shape, completly encloses the cell mebrane, gives support.

Chloroplasts

Only in plants, uses for photsynthsis that gives the plant color green and absorbs sun and converts to chemical energy.

Function of the cell membrane

Controls internal enviroment, controls what goes in and what goes out. Keeps viruses, bacteria,excess salt and toxins out. Holds fluid structure and inculates the cell.

Aptosis 

the death of a cell.

Membrane structure

-Primary component is a phosphlipid bilayer

-one layer is a hydrophylic (water loving) head which is the polar end

-Other layer is a hydrophbic (water feeling) tail which is the non-polar end

Fluid Mosaic model

Has phospholipid bilayer, integral protein, fatty acid tails, phosphate heads, peripheral protein, cholesterol, gylcoprotein, carbohydrate chain.

Osmosis

Is where a solution goes through the membrane and into pure water. Simple diffusion of water.

Reverse osmosis

High presure pushes a solution with water into the membrane and moves into pure water but the dissolved particles stay behind.

Brownian motion 

A random movement that sesults in a net movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.

Concentration gradient

The diffrence in concentration is the concentration gradient.

Passive transportation

Movement across the membrane withour costing the cell energy. Types are Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion.

Tonicity

The measure of the concentration fo dissolved particles in a solution.

Diffusion

High concentration to low concentration.

Selectively permeable

Lets some things in, but not all.

Active transport (ATP)

Movement across the membrane, against the concentration gradient. Moves things in.

Hypertonic

Higher% solute concentration outside the cell, water exists

Isotonic

Equal% solute concentrations outside and inside the cell.

Hypotonic

Lower% solute concentration outside the cell, water enters

Endocydocis

Intake of large into the cell (viruses). IN

Exocytosis

Removal of large molecules from the cell (waste). EXITS

Pinocytosis

Cell drinking. Takes in fluids and solute.

Phagocytosis

Cell eating. Takes in bacteria.

Compound microscope

Uses 2 or more lens, ones we use in class. Up to 100x

Transmission electron micrscope (TEM)

Beam of electrons goes through sample to give you a 2-D image, 10-2 000 000x

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Seeps beam of electrons over object to give you a 3-D image, up to 300 000x

Confocal microscope (CLSM)

Uses a laser to create a image of objects too thick to view with a compound light microscop. Laser takes images of slicesore planes of an object and then puts them together.

Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)

Metal probe sends out electron beam to surface of sampleand as it follows the contours and a computer interprets the results into a image. Allows you to see at an atomic level.

To find the actual size calculations

1. Find the field of view based on magnification

2. Then find how many cells could fit across the diameter and how long 1 cell is

3. Next divide field of view/ how many cells fit across This then gives you the scale Drawing size : actual size

4. now divide the actual size/ drawing

5. lastly multiple that number by 1000 to get ym

Calculate magnification

Eyepiece magnification x lens magnification

Surface area to volume ratio

S.A = 6 (length x width) : V= length x width x height