Readings in Philippine History Chap. 9 - 18

Battleship Maine

U.S. ship exploded in Havana harbor, 1898.

Biak-na-Bato Pact

Truce between Aguinaldo and Spanish government, 1898.

Protocol of Peace

Agreement ending Spanish-American War, signed August 12, 1898.

Treaty of Paris

Ended Spanish-American War, ceded Philippines to U.S.

San Juan Bridge Incident

Event leading to U.S. Senate ratification, February 1899.

Philippine-American War

Conflict beginning February 4, 1899, after U.S. actions.

First Philippine Republic

Dissolved March 23, 1901, after Aguinaldo's capture.

William Howard Taft

First civil governor of the Philippines, inaugurated July 1901.

Philippine Organic Act

Established American civil government, signed July 1, 1902.

Jones Act

Promised Philippine independence, enacted August 29, 1916.

Sedition Law

Criminalized acts against U.S. government, 1901.

Brigandage Law

Targeted armed rebellion, imposing severe penalties, 1901.

Flag Law

Prohibited display of Philippine flag, enacted 1907.

Libel Law

Regulated expression, penalized defamatory statements, 1901.

Pearl Harbor Attack

Japan's invasion of Philippines began December 7, 1941.

Fall of Bataan

Surrender of defenders, leading to Bataan Death March.

Bataan Death March

Forced march of 76,000 prisoners, 65 miles, brutal conditions.

Puppet Government

Established by Japan under José P. Laurel, 1943.

Douglas MacArthur

Led liberation campaign, returned October 20, 1944.

Battle of Manila

Intense urban warfare, significant civilian casualties, February 3, 1945.

Los Baños Rescue

Operation freeing 2,000 Allied prisoners, February 23, 1945.

Bessang Pass

Guerrilla forces planted flag after battle, June 14, 1945.

Japanese Surrender

Officially occurred September 2, 1945, aboard USS Missouri.

Tomoyuki Yamashita

Formally surrendered Japanese forces in Philippines, September 3, 1945.