Net+

What does MAC stand for?

Media Access Control

What is a MAC address?

A unique hardware address assigned to a NIC

What does IP stand for?

Internet Protocol

What is IP?

A Logical address used to identify a device and route data across networks

Layer 1 =

Physical (cables)

Layer 2 =

Data Link (MAC, switching)

Layer 3 = ?

Network (IP, routing)

Layer 4 = ?

Transport (TCP/UDP)

Layer 5 = ?

Session (start/stop)

Layer 6 = ?

Presentation (format/encrypt)

Layer 7 = ?

Application (what user sees)

7 → 1, 1→ 7

Sending, Receiving

What does a router do? and what layer?

Routes traffic between networks (IP, Layer 3)

What does a switch do? and what layer?

Connects devices on same network (MAC, Layer 2)

What does a firewall do?

Filters traffic (allow/block)

IDS vs IPS?

IDS = detect, IPS = prevent

What does a load balancer do?

Distributes traffic across servers

What does a proxy do?

Acts as middleman for requests

What does NAS stand for?

Network Attached Storage

SAN stand for?

Storage Area Network

NAS vs SAN?

NAS = network storage, SAN = local-like storage

What does an access point do?

Provides WiFi (extends network)

What does a wireless controller do?

Manages access points

What does CDN stand for?

Content Delivery Network

What does a CDN do?

Speeds up content by using nearby servers

What does VPN stand for?

Virtual Private Network

What does a VPN do?

Creates a secure encrypted connection

What does QoS do?

Quality of Service

What does QoS do?

Prioritizes network traffic

What does TTL stand for?

Time to live

What does DNS stand for?

Domain Name System

What does DNS do?

Translates domain names to IP addresses

What is cloud computing?

On-demand computing over the internet

What is elasticity?

Ability to scale resources up or down

What is multitenancy?

Multiple customers share cloud infrastructure

What does NFV stand for?

Network function virtualization

What is NFV?

Virtual versions of networking devices

• Example: 

  • Virtual firewall 

  • Virtual router

What does VPC stand for?

Virtual Private Cloud

What is a VPC?

Private section of a public cloud

What is a network security list?

Security rules for entire subnet

What is a security group?

Security rules for specific devices

What is a public cloud?

Cloud available to everyone over internet

What is a private cloud?

Organization’s own cloud environment

What is a hybrid cloud?

Mix of public and private cloud

What is SaaS?

Software as a service. Ready-to-use software over internet

What is PaaS?

Platform as a service. Cloud platform for developing apps

What is IaaS?

Infrastructure as a service or Hardware as a service. Cloud-based virtual infrastructure/servers

What does TCP stand for?

Transmission Control Protocol

What is TCP?

Reliable connection-oriented protocol

What does UDP stand for?

User Datagram Protocol

What is UDP?

Fast connectionless protocol

TCP vs UDP?

TCP = Reliable, UDP = fast

What do ports do?

Direct data to the correct application

Non-ephemeral ports? (# - ####)

Permanent/common service ports (0–1023)

Ephemeral ports? (#### - ##,###)

Temporary client ports (1024–65,535)

What does ICMP stand for?

Internet Control Message Protocol

What does ICMP do? What command commonly uses ICMP?

Sends network status and error messages between devices. Ping

What does GRE stand for?

Generic Routing Encapsulation

What does GRE do? Does GRE provide encryption?

Creates a tunnel between two endpoints by encapsulating traffic. No.

What does VPN stand for?

Virtual Private Network

What does a VPN do?

Creates an encrypted connection across a public network.

What is a site-to-site VPN?

A permanent VPN connection between two networks.

What does IPSec stand for?

Internet Protocol Security

What does IPSec do?

Provides authentication and encryption for IP packets.

What OSI layer does IPSec operate on?

Layer 3 (Network)

What does IKE stand for?

Internet Key Exchange

What does IKE do?

Negotiates encryption keys for IPSec.

IKE port?

UDP 500

What does AH stand for?

Authentication Header

What does AH do? Does AH encrypt data?

erifies packet integrity and authenticity. No.

What does ESP stand for?

Encapsulation Security Payload

What does ESP do?

Encrypts and protects IP packets.

Which IPSec protocol provides encryption and Authentication?

ESP

AH

What is Unicast?

One-to-one communication between two devices. Ex: Example:

You open:

google.com

Your laptop is talking to Google’s server.

Not everyone.

Just one destination.

Real-world examples:

• Web browsing

• File Transfers

What is Multicast?

One-to-many communication sent only to interested devices. Ex: Example

Imagine:

• 100 employees watching a company livestream

Instead of sending:

100 separate streams

The sender sends one multicast stream.

Only subscribers receive it.

Real-world examples:

• Video Streaming

What is Anycast?

One-to-one-of-many communication where traffic goes to the closest destination. Ex: Imagine Google has:

Seattle DNS Server
Dallas DNS Server
New York DNS Server

All use the SAME IP address.

When you connect:

The network automatically sends you to the closest one.

What is Broadcast?

One-to-all communication sent to every device on a network.

What is the marketing name for 802.11n?

Wi-Fi 4

What frequencies does 802.11n use?

2.4 GHz and 5 GHz

What is the marketing name for 802.11ac?

Wi-Fi 5

What frequency does 802.11ac use?

5 GHz

What is the marketing name for 802.11ax?

Wi-Fi 6 / Wi-Fi 6E

What frequencies does 802.11ax use?

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz

What is the marketing name for 802.11be?

Wi-Fi 7

What frequencies does 802.11be use?

2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz

Wifi 4 = , wifi 5 = , wifi 6 = , wifi 7 = ?

802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ax, 802.11be

What does LTE stand for?

Long Term Evolution

LTE is associated with what generation?

4G

What are major benefits of 5G? (3 points)

Higher speeds, lower latency, more device capacity

What is a common use case for satellite networking?

Remote locations without traditional internet access

What is a major disadvantage of satellite networking?

High latency

What weather condition can impact satellite networking?

Rain fade

What is Ethernet?

The most common wired networking technology.

What is IEEE?

They're the organization that creates networking standards.

What does IEEE stand for?

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

What IEEE committee manages Ethernet standards?

IEEE 802.3

In 1000BASE-T, what does 1000 represent?

1000 Mbps (1 Gbps)

In 10GBASE-T, what does 10G represent?

10 Gbps

What does BASE mean?

Baseband

In Ethernet standards, what does T represent?

Twisted-pair copper