Bio 106 (chapter 1-4)

Anatomy (+ subdivisions)

Study of the body and its form

Subdivions:

• Gross Anatomy - Study of structure usually visible with an unaided eye

• Microscopic Anatomy - study of structure that can’t be seen without magification

Physiology (+subdivison)

Study of Chemistry and Physics of the structure of the body

Subdivison:

Study of individual organs or organ system, interrelated with anatomy

Common functions of life and basic requirement to maintain life?

Functions: Organization, Metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development (growth + reproduction)

Requirements: Oxygen, nutrients, narrow range tempt, narrow range atmospheric pressure

Levels of structural organization

**Chemical level **(involves atoms to form molecules), **cellular level **(molecules assemble into organelles, maintain homeostasis), Tissue level (Forms tissue), **Organ level **(discrete structure made of two or more tissues types that work together to perform a function), **Organ system level **(Organs work to together to accomplish a common purpose, ex: digestive system), organism level: organ systems work together to work a full living thing

11 organ system (major organs and function)

1. Integumentary system

Organ: Skin, hair, nails

Function: external support, protection of body, temp regulation, barrier for immune function

11 organ system (major organs and function)

2. Skeletal system

Organ: bones, cartilage, joints

Functions: protection of organs, internal support, support

11 organ system (major organs and function)

3. Muscular system

Organs: skeletal muscle and tendons

Functions: locomotion and body heat production

Nervous system

Organs: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Functions: detects and processes sensory information communicated with other organ systems

Endocrine system

Organs: hormone secreting glands, thyroid gland, teste and ovaries

Functions: secretion of hormone which signals of other parts

Circulatory system

Organs: heart, blood, and blood vessels

Functions: transport nutrients to cells, homeostasis of body temperature

Lymphatic and immune system

Organs: lymph nodes, immune cells, tonsils

Functions: houses immune cells, returns extracellular fluid to the blood, protects against infection and disease

Respiratory system

Organs: lungs, trachea, larynx, and nasal passage

Functions: gas exchange between air and blood

Digestive system

Organs: esophagus, salivary glands, gallbladder

Functions: breakdowns and absorbs food and eliminates of feces

Urinary system

Organs: kidneys, bladder, urethra

Functions: control water balance in body, controls ph balance, electrolyte balance, removes nitrogenous waste

Reproductive system - MALE

Organs: testes, scrotum, prostate gland

Functions: production and delivery of sperm, production of sex hormones

Reproductive system - FEMALE

Organs: Ovaries, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands

Functions: Production of eggs, secretion of sex hormones, support of fetus/infant

Define homeostasis + 3 homeostatic regulation

Steady state, keeping an internal function. Set point is the desired target value.

component:

1. Receptor

2. Control centers

3. Effector

Negative feedback of homeostasis

Counteracts a change to maintain homeostasis

Example: regulates body temperature

Positive types of homestasis

Amplifies a change, moving the system further from its starting point until a specific endpoint is reached

example: child birth

Anatomical position

Standing upright, feet shoulder width, parallel with toes forward, upper limbs are held on each side. Palms facing forward.

2 major body cavities

Dorsal

Ventral

Matter

Physical substance that occupies space and has mass

Work

Process of transferring energy to one object to another by applying a force over distance

Energy

Capacity to do work or bring change

States of matter (3)

• liquid: particles are loosely packed

• Gas: particles are far apart

• Solid: particles are tight

What is chemical element?

A pure substance made of atoms with the same number and protons in their nucleus

Elements that make up 96% of body matter

Oxygen (O)

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Nitrogen (N)

The most common elements that make up the remaining 4% of body matter?

calcium

Phosphorus

Potassium

Sulfur

Sodium

Chlorine

Magnesium

What is an atom?

Smallest unit of an element

What are atom´s subatomic particles (remember Pen)

Protons

Electrons

Neutrons

Protons relative mass? Charge? Location

+1 atomic mass

+1 mass

Nucleus

Neutrońs relative mass? Charge? Location?

1 amu

0 neutral

Nucleus

Electronˋs relative mass? Charge? Location?

Relative Mass: negligible (approx. \frac{1}{1836} amu); Charge: -1 (negative); Location: Electron cloud

How to find given an element its symbol, it´s anatomical mass, atomic number. With that how many protons, electrons , neutrons, and valance electrons

Top number = atomic number = protons

Bottom number = atomic mass

Atomic mass number - atomic number (protons) = neutrons

If neutral charge electrons are the same # as protons

TOP ROW NUMBERS = valance electrons

What is a Isotope

Variation of an element in which the # of neutrons differ from each other

Isomer

Two or more compounds with same formula

Ion

Atom with an overall positive or negative charge

Cation

Atom with positive charge

Anion

Atom with a negative charge

Valance electron roles

Responsible for chemical bonding to see if it’s reactive

The octet rule

The octet rule describes a. Tom’s preference for having 8 electrons in its valence shell

Difference between an atom that is reactive or inert?

Reactive = unstable

Inert = stable

What is a compound

Chemical substance formed when atoms of two or more different elements are chemically combined in a fixed proportions

What is a molecule

An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Ionic bonds

One atom completely gives another electron another atom

Covalent bond

Atoms share electrons to achieve stability

Hydrogen bond

Weak bond that forms between hydrogen atoms

Polar molecules

Have uneven distribution of charges, one side slightly positive the other side slightly negative like H2O

Non polar molecules

Have an even distribution of charge, neutral charges, an example is oxygen O2

Components of chemical reactions

Reactants: starting substances

Products: substances formed

Arrow: direction of product

Rules of chemical notation

reactants on the left, products on the right separated by arrow

Examples of 3 basic types of chemical reactions

Synthesis (combination): two or more reactants combine to make one product

decomposition: one reactant breaks down into two or more products

Replacement (single or double): one or more elements replace others in compounds

Endergonic

Energy absorbed in the reaction, requires energy input

Exergonic

Energy released in reaction, happens spontaneously

Metabolites

Small molecule made/used in metabolism they are building blocks or products of chemical reactions

Inorganic nutrients

Nutrients without carbon

Organic nutrients

Nutrients with carbon

Adhesion

Attraction between water and other surfaces

Cohesion

Attractions between water molecules

Surfaces tension

Tightness on waters surface caused by cohesion

Solvent

Substance that dissolves other substances

Electrolyte

Minerals that conduct electricity in body fluids

Hydration sphere

Water molecules surrounding separating ions

Acids

Releases H+ ions in water

pH less than 7

Bases

Reales OH-

pH greater than 7

Neutral

equal H+ and H-

pH is 7

pH scale

Measures acidity or alkalinity

0-14 pH scale

7 neutral

8-14 basic

0-6 acidic

Salts

Formed when acids and bases reacts

Made of positive and negative ions

Buffers

Help pH stable

Neutralize excess acids or bases

Organic compound: Carbohydrates

What is it’s monomers, polymers, biological function

Monosaccharides

Polysaccharides

Energy sources, energy storage, structural support

Organic compound: Protein

What is it’s monomers, polymers, biological function

Amino acids

Polypeptides

Enzyme, structure, transport, defense, signaling

Organic compund: lipids

What is it’s monomers, polymers, biological function

Glycerol + fatty acids (not true monomers)

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Energy storage, cell membrane, hormones

Organic compound: nucleic acids

What is it’s monomers, polymers, biological function

Nucleotides

DNA, RNA

Store and transmit genetic information

What is dehydration synthesis

Builds molecules by removing water

What is hydrolysis reaction?

Hydrolysis breaks down molecules by adding water

Saturated fatty acids

No double bonds between carbon atoms

Straight chains, solid at room tempt

Found in animals fat

Unsaturated fatty acids

One or more double bonds in carbon chain

Kinked chains, liquid at room tempt

Found in plant oils

Four level of protein structure

1. Primary structure

Sequence of amino acids in a chain

Four level of protein structure

2. Secondary structure

Local folding into alpha-helix or beta-sheets (hydrogen bonds)

Four level of protein structure

3. Tertiary structure

3D folding of the entire polypeptide

Four level of protein structure

4. Quaternary structure

Multiple polypeptides chained joined together

Important of enzymes in chemical reactions

Speeds up chemical reactions by lower activation energy, they are biological catalyst and are specific substrate

Substrate

The molecule an enzyme acts in

Active site

The region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Denaturation

loss of enzymes shape and function due to heat, pH, etc.

Catalyst

Substances that speeds up a reaction without being consumed

Important component of nucleotides

Nitrogen base

Penrose sugar

Phosphate group

DNA

Stable

Double stranded

Store genetic info

Deocyribose

RNA

Single stranded

Less stable

Transfer genetic info

Ribose

Basic components of cell theory

All living things are made of cells

Cells are basic unit of life

All cells come from preexisting cells

What is the Plasma Membrane made of and what does it control

~ made of phospholipids layer - has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic

~ Contains cholesterol: stabilizes membranes

~ glycocalyx: sugar coats cell surface for cell recognition

Integral proteins

Span the membrane, acts as a transport cancel, is receptors

Peripheral proteins

Sit on the inner or outer surface provides support, involves signaling

Nucleus

Control center stores DNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Rough ER – Has ribosomes, makes proteins.

• Smooth ER – Makes lipids, detoxifies.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, and ships proteins/lipids.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal.

Peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.

Mitochondria

Produce ATP (energy)