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lymphatic system functions
Produces, maintain, & distributes lymphocytes
Return fluids from the peripheral tissue to blood
Distribute hormones, nutrients, waste products from tissue origin to blood circulation
lymph node
Monitors/cleans the composition of lymph
Spleen
Monitors/clean circulating blood
Thymus
Controls development and maintenance of T-lymphocytes
Lymphatic vessel
Thin, walled tubes distributed throughout the body
Function: to carry lymph from the peripheral tissue to the cardiovascular system
Lymphatic capillaries (microscopic tubes)
made up of endothelium
like blood capillaries but more permeable
Lymph
once the interstitial fluid drains into lymphatic capillaries
Flow of lymph
Lymphatic capillaries
Larger lymphatic vessels
Thoracic duct OR right lymphatic duct
Left or right subclavian vein
Thoracic duct
Arises in abdominal cavity, goes up towards the neck and empties into left subclavian vein
Drain entire body below diaphragm & the left half of body above diaphragm
right lymphatic duct
Empties into right subclavian vein
Drain right half of body above diaphragm
Capsule
Fibrous outer cover of the entire lymph node; helps protects the lymph node
trabeculum/trabecula
Tissue that divides up the lymph node into compartments
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Vessels that bring in lymph; always located in the larger curved outer area of the node
Efferent lymphatic vessel
Vessel that removes lymph out of the lymph node; always located near hilum/hilus
Hilum/hilus
The indentation on the outer part of the lymph node
Sinuses
Spaces or channel that carry lymph throughout the lymph node (also have fibers throughout); named after the location inside the node—subcapsular sinus, cortical sinus, medullary sinus
Subcapsular space
Located right below the capsule
Cortex
Located between subcapsular space and the medulla; contain the germinal centers (shaped like a triangle) & the cortical sinuses and is divided by the trabeculae
Medulla
Location where all of the cortex regions merge together; last area prior to lymph leaving the lymph node
Lymph sinuses
“Empty” spaces that hold lymph capillaries (where lymph flows) & that contain fibers
Macrophages
Phagocytize (ingest) foreign matter in lymph
Majority live in the fibers of medullary sinus & a few live in the subcapsular sinus
T cells
Manage the immune response (some directly attack & destroy foreign cells)
Located in the medulla only
B cell
Protected the body by producing plasma cells (daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood)
Antibodies immobilize pathogen until it is destroyed by a macrophage
located in cortex & medulla
Spleen
Filters blood (macrophages in spleen remove bacteria & other pathogen) **does not filter lymph
Destroys old red blood cells & recycled their parts
Provided a reservoir of blood (storage)
Active in immune response (has B & T cells)
Produces blood cells (during fetal development
Thymus
Promotes the maturation of T lymphocytes
→ immature T cells go from red bone marrow (through blood) to thymus
Concentration in the thymus & mature
Leave into blood or lymph vessels & migrate to other lymphatic tissues/organs and become active in immune response
No filtering function; no afferent vessels, only efferent vessels
Does not plug a direct role in immune response
Pathogen free environment
tonsils & pever’s patches (appendix included)
Form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance of pharynx (throat)
Gather & remove pathogens entering the pharynx (through air & food)
“Invite pathogens” so they can be remembered