FULL TOPIC 8: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Identifying ions: COPPER

flame test - green

Identifying ions: CALCIUM

flame test - orangey red

Identifying ions: SODIUM

flame test - yellow

Identifying ions: LITHIUM

flame test - crimson

Identifying ions: POTASSIUM

flame test - lilac

Identifying cations with sodium hydroxide: IRON (|||)

brick red / brown

Identifying cations with sodium hydroxide: IRON (||)

green

Identifying cations with sodium hydroxide: COPPER (||)

blue

Identifying cations with sodium hydroxide: ALUMINIUM

white

Identifying cations with sodium hydroxide: CALCIUM

white

Identifying cations with sodium hydroxide: MAGNESIUM

white

test for hydrogen

A burning splint makes a squeaky pop

test for oxygen

Relights a glowing splint

test for chlorine

Bleaches damp litmus paper, red -> white

test for carbon dioxide

CO2 shaken / bubbled in lime water - turns cloudy

Sulfate Ions

Dilute HCl (removes impurities e.g., Carbonate, Sulfate) + Barium chloride = white precipitate (Barium Sulfate)

Carbonates

Dilute HCl - effervesces (gas given off)

(Halide) Silver chloride

Dilute nitric acid (removes impurities e.g., Carbonate, Sulfite) + silver nitrate = white precipitate

(Halide) Silver Bromide

Dilute nitric acid (removes impurities e.g., Carbonate, Sulfite) + silver nitrate = cream participate

(Halide) Silver Iodide

Dilute nitric acid (removes impurities e.g., Carbonate, Sulfite) + silver nitrate = yellow precipitate

Pure Substance

A substance that has nothing added to it

Impure substance

boils over range

Exothermic

releases energy

Endothermic

absorbs energy

Formulation

A mixture designed for a specific purpose

Chromatography

used to separate the components of a solution

Rf value equation

distance from the base line / distance from the base line to the solvent front