NCMA215: BSN 2ND YEAR SUMMER MIDTERM 2022

Flashcards covering Modules 1-8, including basic concepts in nutrition and diet therapy, nutrition tools, standards and guidelines, dietary guidelines and food guides, the nutrition care process (ADIME process), nutrition across the lifespan, and nutrition for health and fitness.

What is Health?

The extent to which an individual or group is able to realize aspirations and satisfy needs and change or cope with environment; complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

What are the major goals in nursing?

Promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative.

What are the roles and responsibilities of a nurse?

Caregiver, communicator/helper, educator/teacher, counselor, manager/coordinator, change agent, leader, clinician, advocate, researcher, collaborator.

According to Maslow, what are the Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs?

Physiologic needs, Safety and Security, Love and belonging, Self-Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization Needs.

According to Virginia Henderson, what is the unique function of the nurse?

To assist the clients, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery.

According to Dorothy Johnson, what is the Ingestive behavioral subsystem?

Taking in nourishment in socially and culturally acceptable ways.

What is Digestion?

The process by which foods are broken down for the body to use in growth, development, healing, and prevention of diseases.

What is Absorption?

The process by which digested proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, and water are actively and passively transported through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymphatic circulation.

What is Metabolism?

The complex chemical process that occurs in the cells to allow for energy use and for cellular growth and repair.

What is the role of nurse in nutrition?

Assess nutritional health needs, nutritional surveillance, health education, nutritional supplementation, National nutrition programmes, in-service education/training, special care for vulnerable groups, community participation, referrals, records and reports, participate in research, evaluation.

What are Carbohydrates?

Sugars/starches, provides energy, fibre-aids digestion.

What do Proteins do?

Builds and repairs muscle tissues.

What do Fats and oils do?

Stores energy in the body.

What do Vitamins do?

Promote normal growth, provide proper metabolism, protect against certain diseases.

What do Minerals do?

Support function of heart, metabolism, bones/teeth formation.

What does Water do?

Regulates body function: e.g. nutrient absorption, body temperature.

What is the composition of Carbohydrates?

Organic compound containing C, H, O derived from the Greek word saccharide meaning starches and sugars and chiefly found in plants.

How are Carbohydrates produced?

Produced by the process of photosynthesis from - H2O, CO2, and sun.

What percentage of Total Energy Requirement (TER) is derived from CHO?

50% to 70% of the body's energy needs.

What is a Monosaccharide?

Considered as the simplest form of sugar which is small molecules that require little or no digestion before they can be used by the body.

What are the 3 types of monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

What is Glucose?

Primarily physiologic sugar or blood sugar, dextrose, grape sugar, principal form used by the body, moderately sweet sugar works for the body’s brain, nerve cells, RBC and stores last for only hours.

What is Gluconeogenesis?

The process where protein is converted to glucose.

What is Ketosis?

The process of converting lipids to glucose for energy use by the body with less available carbohydrates that more fats to be broken down to form ketone bodies.

What is Fructose?

Considered as fruit sugar, the sweetest of all sugar, levulose and sources are ripe fruits and honey.

What is Galactose?

Not found in nature and not found in free foods, but produced from lactose (milk sugar) by digestion and is converted to glucose.

What is Galactosemia?

Term to infants born with an inability to metabolize galactose.

What are the 3 types of disaccharides?

Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose.

What is Starch?

Storage form of carbohydrates in plants, supply energy for a long period of time and the sources are cereal grains, rice, wheat.

What is Dextrin?

Not found in free foods but the intermediate product of starch digestion with food source of toasted bread + application of dry heat.

What is Glycogen?

Animal starch, storage form of CHO in the body found in the liver and muscle.

What are Fibers?

Considered as roughage because they form bulk of the diet, act as broom in the digestive tract, indigestible part of food and primary constituent of plant cell wall, not digested by human due to lack of enzyme that will split or break it, with body requirement is 20 to 35 g/day.

What are the effects of Lack of Carbohydrates?

Underweight and/or rapid weight loss, general weakness, poor physical performance, fainting or collapse in severe deficiency, and hypoglycemia in acute carbohydrate deficiency.

What are the effects of Excessive Carbohydrates?

Dental caries, obesity/overweight, diabetes mellitus and gas formation.

What are the Health effects of starch and fibers?

Promote weight loss/weight control, protect against heart disease and stroke and cancer, fight against diabetes and promote gastrointestinal health.

What are Fats?

Also known as Lipids, consider as organic nutrient containing C, H, O attached in a glycerol base; one (1) gram fat is equivalent to nine (9) calories with Total Energy Requirement of 20%-30% is from fat.

Why should fatty foods be avoided at night?

It can take 2-4 hours for fat to digest, so if an individual eat it too late in the evening, the body won't have as much time to utilize this energy before storing it.

What is Steatorrhea?

The presence of excess fat in feces.

What are Simple Lipids?

Neutral fats with chemical name is triglycerides and glycerol is derived from a water soluble form of CHO.

What are Compound lipids?

Combination of fats with other components that is important in human nutrition.

What do Phospholipids consist of?

Fatty acids, phosphoric acids and nitrogenous base.

What is Lipoprotein?

Lipids combination of protein with different sub-types Chylomicrons that transport diet- derived lipids; mostly triglycerides.

What are Derived Lipids?

Fat substances produced from fats and fat compounds with fatty acids as basic structural unit of fat.

What are Saturated fatty acids?

Consist of palmitic and stearic acids.

What are Monounsaturated fats?

Consist of oleic acid.

What are Polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Consist of linoleic acid.

What is a water-soluble component of triglycerides?

Glycerol.

What are Steroids?

Fat related substances that contain sterols; main member is cholesterol – important constituent of body cells and tissues.

What are the functions of Fats?

Supplies food energy in concentrated form for body activities, Protects vital body tissue and insulates body, supplies essential fatty acids, Serves as a carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK), Adds palatability and satiety value (sense of fullness) to your meals.

What are the effects of Lack of fat in the diet?

Underweight, sluggishness, skin irritation similar to eczema in infants and signs and symptoms of fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.

What are the effects of Excess intake of fat?

Obesity/overweight, and cardiovascular diseases.

What are Proteins?

Organic compound containing C,H,O,N and derived from the Greek word proteios meaning to hold first place or is the prime importance with the building blocks are called amino acid.

What are Simple proteins?

Comprises of albumins that is soluble in water, coagulated by heat and globulins that is insoluble in water, soluble in salt solution, coagulated by heat.

What is an Essential amino acid (EAA)?

One that cannot be synthesized by the body (histidine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, leucine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, and methionine).

What is a Non-essential amino acid (NEAA)?

One that is not dietary essential because the body can synthesize it.

What are the effects of Lack of protein?

Retarded growth in children, low resistance to infection at any age, slow recovery from illness, low birth weight, protein energy malnutrition- Marasmus and Kwashiorkor, loss of weight, and edema, skin lesions, mental sluggishness.

What are the effects of excessive protein intake?

Kidney function – high CHON diet - increase work of kidneys; mineral losses – increase CHON diet - calcium excretion rises; obesity – high CHON diet – increase intake rich fat foods; heart disease – foods rich in animal protein – rich n saturated fats; and cancer – increase in CHON diet – increases rich saturated fats foods intake.

What is Marasmus?

Malnutrition stemming from inadequate protein and caloric intake, resulting from the mother's failure to nurse her infant.

What is Kwashiorkor?

A protein deficiency disease caused by a severe shortage of protein and associated with post weaning diets high in cereals and low in protein quality and quantity.

What is the role of Vitamins?

Does not give energy but merely help convert food into energy.

What are the characteristics of Fat-soluble vitamins?

To dissolve in fat before they are absorbed in the blood stream, are not absolutely needed daily from food sources, have precursors, are stored in the body, and deficiency develops slowly (Vitamins A, D, E, K).

What are the characteristics of Water-soluble vitamins?

To dissolve in water and are not stored in the body, are absolutely needed daily because excess is excreted in the urine, do not have precursor, and deficiency develops fast (Vitamin B complex and Vitamin C).

What is Avitaminosis?

A lack of vitamins or a deficiency.

What is Hypervitaminosis?

A vitamin toxicity caused by excessive accumulation of vitamins in the body.

What is Vitamin A?

Retinol with precursor of carotene, absorbed through lymphatic system and portal blood to liver.

What is Vitamin D?

Calciferol with precursor of ergosterol, also produced endogenously when ultraviolet rays from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis.

What is Vitamin E?

Tocopherol, stored in adipose tissue, aided by bile and fats and stable to heat and acid.

What is Vitamin K?

Menadione, pytomenadione and phylloquinone synthesized by normal intestinal flora and maintenance of prothrombin level in the blood plasma.

What is Vitamin C?

Ascorbic acid, anti-oxidant vitamin and easily absorbed from small intestines.

What is Vitamin B1?

Thiamine and the functions of prevent beri-beri / nutritional polyneuritis; keeps nerves in healthy condition, muscle nerve function; promotes good appetite and normal digestion and promotes good growth.

What is Vitamin B2?

Riboflavin, co-enzyme for energy metabolism, essential for protein, fat and carbohydrates metabolism and vitamin readily destroyed in cooking.

What is Vitamin B3?

Niacin or nicotinic acid and co-enzyme for energy metabolism that promotes normal digestion and keep nerve in healthy condition, keeps skin healthy and promotes growth.

What is Vitamin B5?

Panthothenic acid with the following functions: essential for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, maintenance of normal growth, healthy skin and integrity of CNS and co-enzyme for energy metabolism.

What is Vitamin B6?

Pyridoxine with functions of metabolism of amino acids and protein, helps the body use carbohydrate, fat and protein, neurotransmitter synthesis, avoided to patient with Parkinson’s, supplemented in anti-TB therapy and converts tryptophan to niacin and linoleic acid to arachidonic acid.

What is Vitamin B9?

Folic acid or folate with functions of aids in metabolism of genetic material (DNA, RNA); helps cure a form of anemia, poor growth, and birth defects, synthesizes DNA which control cell function, heredity and tissue growth and regenerates red blood cell and essential formation of WBC in the bone marrow.

What is Vitamin B12?

Cyanocobalamin or cobalamin, consider as folate metabolism, nerve function and problem with intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia with lifetime treatment that facilitates maturation of red blood cells, protects the “myelin” the fatty material - transmit electrical impulses (messages) between nerve cells and metabolizes carbohydrate, protein, fat, nucleic and folic acid in the body and normal functioning of all cells.

What are Minerals?

Elements in their simple inorganic form. Primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals found in food.

What prevents the absorption of minerals?

Phytates, oxalates & tannins which are compounds found in foods that can bind to calcium, iron, zinc and other minerals and interfere with their absorption.

What does Calcium do?

Helps build and maintain strong bones and teeth, promotes normal blood clotting, regular heartbeat, cell metabolism and other muscle contractions, prevents rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults and lowers risk to fracture.

What does Magnesium do?

Helps regulate body processes including regulation of normal heart rhythm, aids in the normal functioning of the body enzymes, relaxes muscle after contraction and promotes resistance to tooth decay by holding calcium in the tooth enamel.

What does Sodium do?

Maintains proper water balance within the body and preserves the normal movement of the muscles, nerve impulse transmission.

What does Potassium do?

Helps in muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and the proper functioning of the heart and kidneys, regulates blood pressure and water balance in the cells, important in CHO and CHON metabolism.

What does Phosphorous do?

Helps in proper bone and tooth development, facilitates quick release of energy for muscle contraction, transports lipids and fatty acid in the blood, transports nutrient in and out of the cell and prevents rickets and demineralization of bone.

What does Chloride do?

Helps maintain the osmotic pressure and acid-base equilibrium in the body, helps balance the pH level of the blood and maintains the strong acidity of the stomach as part of hydrochloric acid.

What does Sulfur do?

Plays an important role in crucial functions in body, such as making protein, regulating gene expression, building and repairing DNA, and helping body metabolize food that is of the function of protein.

What does Iron do?

Helps build and maintain blood supply and give healthy red color to the blood and prevents simple anemia.

What does Copper do?

Helps the body to use iron, helps build hemoglobin in the blood, takes part in the metabolism of ascorbic acid in the body and helps the body use fatty acids.

What does Iodine do?

Helps in normal functioning of the thyroid gland in regulating energy metabolism, helps in protein synthesis, tissue growth and reproduction and prevents goiter.

What does Manganese do?

An essential constituent for bone structure, reproduction and normal functioning of nervous system, and takes part in enzymatic actions in the body.

What does Cobalt do?

Forms of cobalamin or vitamin B12 that helps treat a certain type of anemia.

What does Zinc do?

Helps the body use protein and carbohydrates, vital for growth and development, synthesis of cell protein (formation of DNA & RNA), proper functioning of the immune system, vital for the development of male reproductive function, specifically the formation of testosterone, making of sperm; helps hasten wound healing; and taste acuity (geusia).

What does Fluoride do?

Helps prevent tooth decay and favors deposition of calcium thereby strengthening the bones.

What does Selenium do?

Serves as an integral component of certain enzymes, acts as an antioxidants which help fight cell damage, helps prevent certain types of protein-energy malnutrition, regulates proper immune response and aids in proper functioning of the heart muscle.

What does Chronium do?

Takes part in glucose metabolism, helps the body use carbohydrates and fats and stimulates synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol in the liver.

What functions does water do?

Acts as solvent for all products of digestion (universal solvent), carries nutrients to the tissues, removes waste products from the tissue, helps regulate body temperature and the acid-base balance and sends messages between cells.

What is Nutrition?

Nutrition is the sum of all the interactions between an organism and the food it consumes, what the person eats and how the body uses it.

What is the function of the study of Nutrition?

To maintain life by allowing one to grow and be in state of optimum health.

What are Nutrients?

Organic or inorganic substances found in foods that are required for body functioning.

What are the 6 Essential Nutrients?

CHO, CHON, FATS, VIT, Water and Minerals

What is the formula for Desirable Body Weight (DBW) for Infants?

0-6 months = Birth weight (kg) + (age in mos. X 600) and 7 – 12 months = Birth weight (kg) + (age in mos. X 500).