Articulation and Phonology Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the anatomy of articulation, phonetic classification, speech sound disorders, assessment procedures, and treatment approaches.

Articulation

The movement in speech language pathology that shapes the tone from the larynx into speech sounds.

Pharynx

A structure composed of the laryngopharynx (nearest the larynx), the oropharynx (behind the oral cavity), and the nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity).

Velum

Also known as the soft palate, this muscular structure helps close the nasal cavity for swallowing and non-nasal sounds; its tip is the uvula.

Hard Palate

The roof of the mouth made of the maxillae and palatine bones, featuring the alveolar ridge where front teeth are housed.

Mandible

The lower jaw that houses the lower teeth and attaches to the skull at the temporomandibular joint; its primary biological function is chewing.

Occlusion

The manner in which the upper and lower teeth meet.

Tongue Divisions

The tongue is divided into the tip, blade, and dorsum.

Orbicularis Oris

The muscle that makes up the lips, important for facial expressions, eating, and speech production.

Phoneme

The smallest unit of speech, represented by a symbol inside two slash marks (e.g., /k/); English has 46 phonemes.

Allophones

Small variations in the production of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of the word.

Phonemic vs. Phonetic

Phonemic refers to an idealized category of allophones perceived as a single sound, while phonetic refers to actual concrete productions.

Vowel Classification

Classified by tongue position (front, central, back and high, mid, low) and lip rounding.

Diphthongs

A combination of two vowels transcribed with two symbols.

Place

The specific location where the vocal tract is constricted during consonant production.

Manner

How the vocal tract is constricted during consonant production.

Voicing

The characteristic of whether the vocal folds vibrate during the production of a sound.

Stops

Sounds produced by stopping airflow and building intraoral pressure before releasing it as a plosive (/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/).

Fricatives

Sounds created by forcing air through a constricted passage, producing a "hissing" noise (/f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/).

Affricates

Sounds that begin as a stop but are released as a fricative (/dʒ/, /tʃ/).

Glides

Also known as semivowels, these involve movement from partially constricted to open (/y/, /w/).

Liquids

Semivowels with the least amount of constriction (/r/, /l/).

Nasals

Sounds produced by lowering the velum to open the velopharyngeal port, resonating sound in the nasal cavity (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/).

Bilabial

Consonants produced using both lips (/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/).

Labiodental

Consonants produced using the lips and teeth (/f/, /v/).

Lingua-alveolar

Consonants produced using the tongue and alveolar ridge (/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/).

Linguavelar

Consonants produced using the tongue and velum (/k/, /g/, /ŋ/).

Cognates

Pairs of phonemes that differ only by voicing, such as /s/ vs /z/ or /t/ vs /d/.

Distinctive Feature

A parameter attributed to Chomsky and Hale (1968) that helps define a phoneme based on its presence or absence.

Canonical Babbles

Repetitive vocalizations such as "bababa" or "dadada" typically produced by infants around 4-6 months.

Intelligibility

The degree to which people understand a speaker’s sound productions.

Articulation Disorder

Sound production errors limited to a few sounds without a pattern, usually involving phonetic errors and peripheral motor systems.

Phonological Disorder

Patterned sound production errors related to underlying rules, involving phonemic errors and language-specific functions.

Articulation Error Types

Includes omissions, substitutions, distortions, and additions.

Phonological Process

The simplification of adult sound productions, categorized into syllable structure, substitution, or assimilation processes.

Orofacial Examination

An assessment of the symmetry, range of motion, and strength of the face, jaw, lips, tongue, and palate.

Hearing Screening Protocol

Pure tones are presented at $500$, $1000$, $2000$, and $4000\,Hz$ at $20\,dB$ to determine if an audiological evaluation is needed.

Stimulability Testing

Probing error sounds to see if a child can produce them imitatively to determine a starting point for therapy.

SMART Goals

Objectives that state the behavior, criterion, response mode, and response level.

Minimal Contrast

A phonological treatment approach using perceptual and production training with word pairs that differ by one feature.