Unit 1-3 AP Hug

Factors for where people live/migrate to

Geographic (physical), economic, political, and cultural/historical

Population density

the number of people occupying a unit of land

Arithmetic Density

The total population divided by the total land area.

Physiogical Density

The number of people per unit of arable land

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land.

dependency ratio (DR)

The number of people in dependent age group (>12 and <65) divided by working age people multiplied by 100

Sex Ratio

the proportion of males to females in a population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births per year per every 1000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49 years old)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under 1 per 1000 live births

Population Pyramid

A graph that shows age-sex distribution of given populations

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Difference between CBR and CDR of a group of people (CBR - CDR)

Doubling Time (DT)

The number of years a population at a certain rate doubles

DT formula

70/RNI

Factors of Population

1. Economic

2. Political

3. Environmental

4. Cultural

After industrialization, workers moved from _____ to ______

Rural to Urban or Farms to Cities

Malthus' Policy Recommendations

Called for moral restraint to lower birthrate due to fear of overpopulation and famine, was antinatalist

antinatalist policies

discourages people from having children

Pronatalist policies

policies that encourage people to have children

What does the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) display?

Shifts in growth in the world's population over time and trends and birth and death rates and their relationship

How many stages of DTM

5 stages

what does each ETM stage mean

1. high death rate (DR) and Life expectancy (LE)

2. Declining DR, increasing LE

3. DR stable, LE increases

4. DR lowest level, LE peak

5. LE decreases

What does each DTM stage mean

1st: Before Health care improvements

2nd: High Birth Rate (BR) low DR due to industrialization

(3rd/4th) Economic and Social issues slow birth rates

Possible 5th: Population declines

What is Epidemical Transition Model (ETM)

Incorporates cause of death patterns to explain population growth and decline

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another.

Circulation

temporary and repetitive movements

Human Migration

permanent movement impacting origin and destination

Emigration

Move away

Immigration

Move towards

Net Migration

difference between number of emigrants and immigrants

Gravity Model

as population of a city increases, migration/interaction increases

Push factors

Negative cause for emigration

Pull factor

Positive aspect attracting immigration

Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by "choice".

Transitional migration

Immigrating to a new country but keep strong ties with origin (ex: Chinatown)

Internal Migration

movement within a country's borders

Friction of distance

the longer a journey the more time, effort, and cost

Chain Migration

Immigrants move to a new country because of existing connections with family or friends who have already settled there

Step Migration

Immigrants make smaller moves heading to an ultimate goal

Forced Migration

Refugees are forced to leave for fear of persecution or death

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

Migrants who are fleeing homes but remain in their country

Xenophobia

Fear or hatred of foreigners

What drives policy

1. Main goal is to meet[ing] labor market needs

2. Secondary goal is to maintain or change current immigration levels

Refugee Status

Facing persecution and escaping conflict/disaster (Status must be granted by country of origin or international agency)

Physical Geography

Natural Processes and distribution of features in the environment

Human Geography

Events and processes of humans understanding, using and altering the Earth

Location

The position of something that occupies Earth's surface

absolute location

Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates (longitude, latitude)

relative location

The position of a place in relation to another place

place

A location distinguished by physical and human characteristics

Physical Characteristics

Features of the earth's surface, such as landforms, water systems, climate patterns, and plant and animal life

Human Characteristics

Includes a variety of factors such as history, government, social groups, economic systems, language, religion, clothing, housing, food, or art forms

Spatial

Where things are located and why there

Ecological

Studying interactive and interdependent relationships

Spatial and Ecological

Humans interacting with the environment

Site

Usually relating to things that don't change in a place like absolute location, climate, resources, and landforms

Situation

a place's location in relation to other places

Space

The area between two or more things

Density

Number of things in a specific area (how much is packed in one area)

Pattern

how things are arranged in a particular space

Environmental Determinism

The theory that human behavior is controlled by the physical environments

Topography

Climate and soil dictate development of society

What do scientists believe about environmental determinism and topography

• That it’s not true

Social scientists currently discredit this theory

What is Possibilism in geography?

The theory that humans can produce results and are not solely determined by their environment.

How does the environment affect societies according to Possibilism?

The environment can limit people, but societies decide how to live.

What does Geographic Information System (GIS) capture?

Data to create simple and complex maps.

How does GIS collect data?

Without making contact, using Satellites, aircraft sensors, and drones.

Scale

area of the world being studied

Region

area with distinct characteristics

Formal Region

area with one or more shared traits

Functional Region

Area organized by function around a node

Perceptual/Vernacular Region

Area that reflects people's impressions, feelings, or attitudes about a place (ex: American South)

Wallerstein's World System theory

describes the spatial and functional relationships between countries in the world's economy.

How does World System Theory categorize countries?

• Immanuel Wallerstein

Core, Semi-Periphery, and Periphery

Core Country

Dominates and controls global economy, higher education levels, more advanced tech, etc.

"top" countries

Semi-periphery

Less wealth, lower education, weaker tech. Overall less stable than core, but has potential to become core

Periphery

Less advanced, less stable gov, less skilled labor force, etc. "bottom" countries

Sustainability

Use of land and resources in a way to avoid depletion

Quantitative data

info measured by numbers

(ex: population/temperature)

qualitative data

Non-numerical data describing characteristics or patterns

Global Positioning System (GPS)

31 satellites orbiting the earth transmitting location data

Absolute Distance

Uses standard units such as miles or kilometers

Relative Distance

Distance measured in terms such as cost or time which are more meaningful for the space relationship in question

absolute direction

cardinal directions (NSEW)

relative direction

Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places

Large map scale

A map that shows a large amount of details in a small area (left side of picture)

Medium map scale

A map that shows a medium amount of details in a medium sized area

Small map scale

A map that shows a small amount of details in a large area (right side of picture)

demographic transition model (DTM)

model that demonstrates the changes in birth rates, death rates, and population growth over time as a country develops

Koppen Climate Classification System

Categorizes climates into zones with different lettered codes

Culture

Beliefs, values, practices, behaviors, and technologies that societies share

Visible Culture

Language, art, and behavior

Unseen Culture

Beliefs, values, and rules (strongly influence visible)

Cultural Traits

Both Seen & Unseen Traits

Artifacts

housing, buildings, clothing, etc.

Sociofacts

Family structure, gov, ed systems, religion (Defines how people act and est. rules)

Mentifacts

Central enduring elements (Religion + Language)

Ethnocentrism

Belief one's culture is superior

cultural relativism

putting your views aside to understand others