HAP

Integumentary

Skin, protection, temperature regulation

Skeletal

Support, protection, mineral storage

Muscular

Movement, heat production

Nervous

Control center, rapid communication

Endocrine

Hormonal communication, regulation

Cardiovascular

Transport of blood, oxygen, nutrients

Lymphatic/Immune

Defense, fluid return

Respiratory

Gas exchange

Digestive

Nutrient breakdown & absorption

Urinary

Waste filtration, fluid/electrolyte balance

Reproductive

Production of offspring

Superior

Toward the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to point of attachment/trunk

Distal

Farther from point of attachment/trunk

Superficial

Toward the body surface

Deep

Away from the body surface

Ipsilateral

Same side

Contralateral

Opposite side

Sagittal plane

divides body into left/right

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into anterior/posterior

Transverse (horizontal/cross-sectional) plane

divides body into superior/inferior

cephalic

head

brachial

arm

femoral

thigh

pedal

foot

thoracic

chest

abdominal

belly

gluteal

buttock

Cutaneous membrane

the skin

Mucous membranes

line body cavities open to the outside (respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts); secrete mucus

Serous membranes

line closed body cavities & cover organs; secrete serous fluid to reduce friction

Parietal layer

lines the cavity wall

Visceral layer

covers the organ itself

pleura

lungs

pericardium

heart

peritoneum

abdominal organs

Dorsal cavity

cranial + spinal (vertebral)

Ventral cavity

thoracic (with pleural + pericardial) and abdominopelvic (abdominal + pelvic), separated by the diaphragm