ARC 1013 Test 2

Live Loads

forces from all the “movable” elements of a building (people, equipment, furniture, etc)

Dead Loads

forces from the “immovable” elements of a building (weight of building, materials, walls, floors, built-ins, etc)

Dynamic Loads

forces applied suddenly

Static Loads

forces applied slowly

Types of frame (trabeated) and characteristics of them

wood, steel. tall buildings, light weight, thin walls, veneers of brick, stucco, stone

Types of masonry (arcuated) and characteristics of them

brick, concrete, stone. heavy, thick walls, costly today, good insulation

Prehistoric Architecture

40000-100,000 years ago, first farming period, no written records, “New Stone Age”

Menhirs

single stone standing upright

Dolmen

several stones supporting a (horizontal) stone slab

Henges

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

Cromlech

a circle of stones

Stone Megaliths

big rocks

Stonehenge

built between 3000 and 1520 BCE; menhir, dolmen, henge, and cromlech; mortise and tenon joinery

Example of a Step Pyramid

Djoser’s pyramid in Saqqara, Egypt

Example of a Bent Pyramid

Sneferu’s South Pyramid in Dahshur, Egypt

Example of a Straight-Sided Pyramid

Cheop’s Pyramid in Giza, Egypt

Ziggurat

stepped structures. Some of the oldest pyramids (around 2125 BC). Built from mud bricks

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Great Pyramid, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Statue of Zues, Mausoleum of Halicarnassus, Lighthouse of Alexandria, Colossus of Rhodes

First Recorded Architect, “the one who comes in peace”, hired to design and build Zoser’s tomb

Imhotep

Cheops

Great Pyramid; 2550 BCE

Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut

Built into the side of a mountain after pyramid were looted

Hypostyle Hall

large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns

The Lion’s Gate at Mycenae

Precursor to Greek Architecture

Colonnade

a series of regularly spaced columns supporting an entablature and usually one side of a roof structure

Greeks united by and founded on _

language, private property, individual freedom, “democracy”

Doric Order

oldest, simplest, most massive. Entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

Metope

any of the panels, either decorated or plain, between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze

Triglyph

one of the vertical blocks separating the metopes on a Doric frieze

Perfection of Doric Order

Parthenon in Athens

Ionic Order

Developed on Ionian islands. “female”. Recognizable by volutes(spirals) on capital.

Perfection of Ionic Order

Temple of Athena Nike

Corinthian Order

ornate capital with acanthus leaves

Entasis

the convex bulge given to a column to offset the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle

Elgin Marbles

British Lord who purchased marble of the Parthenon from the Turks that’s now in british museums

Caryatids/Atlas

a sculptured female/male figure used as a column. Used on the Erechtheion in Athens on the Acropolis.

Cella

the principal chamber or enclosed part of a classical temple

Agora

open meeting place or market

Palace at Knossos

Tuscan Order

Roman. Entablature with no decoration. 

Composite Order

Roman. Ionic volutes with Corinthian acanthus leaves.

Barrel Vault

Groin Vault

Pont Du Gard

Nimes, France

Maison Carree

Nimes, France

Pilaster

column engaged in the wall

Portico

a colonnade space forming an entrance or vestibule

Edict of Milan

Proclaimed tolerance of Christianity under Constantine I

Apse

semi-circular projection at top/head of room, containing an altar

Transept

the two arms in a “Latin cross” plan

Nave

center space beyond transept crossing toward the front of the church

Aisle

aisles on the sides

Pendentive

spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structures. Ex: Hagia Sophia

San Miniato al Monte

Florence, Italy

Pisa Cathedral and Campanile

English Gothic

rectangular with central spire

French Gothic

less rectangular with bell tower on nave end

Notre Dame de Paris

1163-1250

Chartres Cathedral

1130-1260

Doric column

Ionic column

Corinthian Column

Tuscan column

Composite column

Pantheon

corinthian columns

Stonehenge

most famous megalithic monument

mortise and tenon joinery

Hagia Sophia