Unit 15: Invertebrates - Ecdysozoans

What is Ecdysis?

Molting of cuticle

What are Ecdysozoans?

Invertebrates that shed their cuticle to grow

What is the Ecdysozoan taxonomy starting from Bilateria?

Bilateria, Protostomia, Ecdysozoa

What are the two phylum in Ecdysozoa?

Nematoda and Arthropoda

What phylum is the most abundant on earth?

Nematoda

What phylum is the most diverse?

Arthropoda

What taxon is the most diverse?

Insects

What is the common name for Nematoda?

Roundworms

What are two major physical characteristics of Nematoda?

Body covered in tough cuticle, complete digestive tract

How long can Nematodes grow?

0.1-2.5 mm

What feeding types does Nematoda have?

Free-living or parasitic

What do Free-living Nematoda feed on?

Algae, fungi, small animals, fecal matter, decaying matter, bacteria...

What do Parasitic Nematoda feed on?

Plant or animal tissue

What are three examples of harmful nematodes?

Heart worms, elephantiasis, crop pests

True/False, nematodes can be encysted in muscle tissue?

True

What are the two examples of beneficial nematodes?

Natural pest control and decomposers

What 4 subphylum are included in Arthropoda?

Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Crustacea, and Insecta

What are the 3 major characteristics of Arthropoda?

Segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed appendages

What is are the 2 purposes of Arthropoda exoskeleton?

Attachment for muscles and prevents drying out

What is the Arthropoda exoskeleton made of?

Protein and chitin (like fungi!)

What 3 organs does Arthropoda have for senses?

Eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae

What are the two types of Arthropoda eyes?

Simple and compound

What is the purpose of Arthropoda simple eyes?

Detect light

What is the purpose of Arthropoda compound eyes?

Form images

What is the purpose of Arthropoda olfactory receptors?

Smell

What is the purpose of Arthropoda antennae?

Touch, smell, taste

How do terrestrial Arthropoda breathe?

Spiracles - holes that lead to trachea

How do aquatic Arthropoda breathe?

Gills

What two animals are part of subphylum Chelicerata?

Horseshoe crabs (marine) and arachnids (terrestrial)

What is the most common arachnid?

Spiders

What are the two body regions of Chelicerata?

Cephalothorax and abdomen

How many appendages does Chelicerata have?

6 pairs appendages

What is the order of Chelicerata appendages?

Chelicera, Pedipalps, and 4 pairs of walking legs

What is the purpose of Chelicerata chelicera?

Pincers/fangs

What is the purpose of Chelicerata Pedipalps?

Sensing, feeding, defense, reproduction

How do spiders eat?

Pierce prey with hollow chelicerae, secrete digestive juices, and suck up fluid

Why do spiders make silk?

Webs, dispersal, escape

True/False, spiders have well-developed eyes

True

What are the two main hunting methods for spiders?

Active hunters (chase prey) and capturing prey in webs

What does Myriapoda mean?

Many legs

What two animals are part of Subphylum Myriapoda?

Millipedes and centipedes

What is the environment for Myriapoda?

All terrestrial

What are the body regions for Myriapoda?

Head and many segments

How many legs per segment do millipedes have?

2 pairs legs/segment

Where do millipedes typically live?

Humid conditions (forest floor, leaf litter, soil, etc)

What is the millipede feeding type?

Detritivores, eat decaying plant matter (important decomposers)

How many legs per segment do centipedes have?

1 pair leg/segment

What is the centipede feeding type?

Predators (eat other arthropods)

How do centipedes feed?

Stab prey with poison fangs

What animals are part of Subphylum Crustacea?

Shrimp, lobsters, crabs, krill, rolly pollies!

Where are Crustacea typically found?

Most marine, freshwater (rolly pollies are terrestrial)

What are the 3 body regions of Crustacea?

Head, thorax, and abdomen

True/False, crustacea have a lot of appendages

True

What are the 2 types of appendages Crustacea have on their head?

Sensory and feeding appendages

What are Crustacea sensory appendages?

Antennae

What are the 3 Crustacea feeding appendages?

Mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds

What is the purpose of the Crustacea mandible?

Jaw

What is the purpose of the Crustacea Maxillae?

Tasting, manipulating food

What is the purpose of the Crustacea Maxillipeds?

Feeding

What are the 2 types of appendages Crustacea have on their thorax?

Chelipeds and Walking legs

What is the purpose of Crustacea Chelipeds?

Pinchers, defense

What appendages do Crustacea have on their abdomen?

Swimmerets

What is the purpose of Crustacea Swimmerets?

Locomotion

True/False, Crustacea have carapace over their VENTRAL side

False, Crustacea have carapace over their DORSAL side

What is the most common feeding type for Crustacea?

Most are scavengers

True/False, Barnacles are part of Crustacea

True, they are sessile crustaceans

What are Barnacle shells made of?

Calcium Carbonate

Where do Barnacles live?

Shallow, intertidal areas

How do Barnacles feed?

Filter feeders

How are the Crustacea jointed legs modified in Barnacles?

They are feathery cirri (feeding legs) for catching food

How do Barnacles reproduce?

They are hermaphrodites

What are the 3 characteristics of Insects?

3 body regions, 3 pairs of legs, and 0-2 pairs of wings

True/False, insects are the only invertebrates that can fly

True

What are the 3 insect body regions?

Head, Thorax, and Abdomen

What are the 2 main insect sensory organs?

Antennae and eyes

What are the 2 types of eyes insects have?

Compound eyes and simple eyes

What are the 5 main insect mouthparts?

Siphoning, piercing-sucking, chewing, chewing-lapping, and sponging

What insects have siphoning mouthparts and for what purpose?

Butterflies, suck nectar

What insects have piercing-sucking mouthparts and for what purpose?

True bugs, suck plant fluid and insect fluid

What insects have chewing mouthparts and for what purpose?

Termites, hard mandibles side-to-side

What insects have chewing-lapping mouthparts and for what purpose?

Honeybees, strong mandible to chew pollen and tongue structure to lap up liquids like nectar

What insects have sponging mouthparts and for what purpose?

House flies, sponge up fluids

How do insects grow larger?

Through molting and metamorphosis

What are the two types of insect metamorphosis?

Incomplete and complete metamorphosis

What do incomplete metamorphosis juveniles look like?

Juveniles look like adults

What are the incomplete metamorphosis life stages?

Egg, nymph, adult

What life stage of incomplete metamorphosis eats the most?

Nymphs

What do complete metamorphosis juveniles look like?

Juveniles do NOT look like adults

What are the complete metamorphosis life stages look like?

Egg, larva, pupa, adult

What life stage of complete metamorphosis eats the most?

Larvae

What are the 2 characteristics of insect adults, both incomplete and complete metamorphosis?

Have wings and are sexually mature

What are 5 Disservices from insects?

1) Human parasites 2) Insect vector disease 3) Crop pests 4) Forestry pests 5) Structural pests

What is an example of an insect human parasite?

Lice

What is an example of an insect vector disease?

Mosquitoes carrying malaria

What two ways are insects crop pests?

Direct feeding or disease transmission

What is an example of a forestry pest?

Mountain pine beetle, burrow into bark to lay eggs and carry fungus deadly to trees

What is an example of a structural pest?

Termites

What are 5 Services (benefits) from insects?

1) Pollination 2) Natural pest control 3) Decomposition 4) Forensics 5) Recreation

What percentage of food produced globally requires pollination?

35%

How do insects provide natural pest control?

Working with natural enemies already in the agroecosystem