Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balancing, The Reproductive System, Development and Inheritance

Which term best describes a positively charged ion in an aqueous solution?

Cation

What structure makes up the outer boundaries of human cells?

Plasma membrane

What term can be described as the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration?

Osmosis

Which organ monitors and maintains the water-electrolyte balance?

Kidneys

Which solution would cause a cell placed in it to lose volume as water leaves the cell?

Hypertonic

Which components are found in blood plasma?

Water, Albumin, Erythrocytes, Leukocytes

Which electrolyte is the most abundant cation found in the extracellular fluid?

Sodium

What is the most important difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid?

Blood plasma and interstitial fluid are found in separate compartments.

Which body fluid contributes most of the body’s water weight?

Cytoplasm

Which are more commonly found in the intracellular fluid than the extracellular fluid?

Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments

is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

Where is intracellular fluid (ICF) found?

Cells of the body

What is the principal cation in intracellular fluid?

Potassium

Which of the following are ways to gain water in human body?

Ingestion of food, Cellular Respiration, Ingestion of liquids

Filtration

The flow of liquid through the membrane due to hydrostatic pressure​, allowing only the passage of substances smaller than the fenestration (pore).

Reabsorption

The return of water and electrolytes to blood plasma due to a combination of blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

Facilitated diffusion

The movement of electrolytes based on concentration gradients​ whereby substances travel from high concentration to lower concentration. This method utilizes channel proteins in the membrane.

Which organ produces aldosterone?

Adrenal glands

Which organ produces antidiuretic hormone?

Hypothalamus

Which organ produces atrial natriuretic peptide?

Heart

Where is the organ that is the thirst center of the human body found?

Hypothalamus

Which organ can release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) into the bloodstream?

Posterior pituitary gland

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) directly regulates which electrolyte?

Sodium

Overhydration could result in which change at the cellular level?

An increase of fluid movement into the cell can lead to an interruption of cellular activities.

If an individual is suffering from hypertension, which hormone would be released to aid in decreasing the blood pressure?

Atrial natriuretic peptide​

On a hot July day, an 8-year-old child presented to the emergency room with tachypnea and tachycardia and fainted while walking to the car. During the check-up with their pediatrician last week, they weighed 50 pounds but now weigh 42 pounds. Which condition does the child likely have?

Severe dehydration

A 25-year-old medical student has just completed their finals and scored very well. To celebrate, they decided to go out for drinks with their friends. The next day, they experience a pounding headache and sensitivity to both light and sound. They realized that they became moderately dehydrated due to alcohol’s inhibition of which hormone?

Antidiuretic hormone

Which would lead to activation of the thirst response?

Increased blood osmolarity

Decreased blood pressure

Dry mouth

Decreased blood volume

Which hormone is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume? 

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Mild dehydration symptoms

Oliguria

Xerostomia

Severe dehydration symptoms

Sunken eyes

Tachypnea

A 13-year-old child watches a video that recommends the viewers challenge themselves to drink a gallon of water in under 15 minutes. What is most likely to happen should the child attempt this challenge?  ​

Mental confusion due to water intoxication

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is a hormone that will cause which proteins to allow for the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidney?

Aquaporin

Which ions are crucial for a muscle action potential?

Potassium, Sodium

Which hormone will aid in the regulation of calcium?​

Parathyroid hormone

Which hormone would lead to hypernatremia?​

Aldosterone

Which cardiac event would be expected in a client with hyperkalemia?​

Ventricular fibrillation

Which hormone would promote both hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia?​

Parathyroid hormone​

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by

Aldosterone

A 64-year-old client has recently suffered from both respiratory and cardiac arrest. They are currently experiencing bradypnea, muscle weakness and cramping, constipation, and polyuria. The electrocardiogram (EKG) shows a flattening of the T-wave. Which electrolyte imbalance is the client most likely suffering from?

Hypokalemia

Which electrolyte is important for blood coagulation and enzymatic reactions?​

Calcium

A 58-year-old client has hyperparathyroidism, metastatic bone cancer, and has suffered from multiple bone fractures, leaving them immobile. Which electrolyte imbalance does the client most likely have?

Hypercalcemia

Which ions can be found in mineral form within bone?

Phosphate, Magnesium, Calcium

What is the normal range of pH of blood plasma in a human client?

7.35–7.45

Which organ is responsible for regulating the loss of hydrogen ions in the body?

Kidney

Acids

Increased [H⁺]

pH less than 7

Bases

Decreased [H⁺]

pH greater than 7

Complete compensation

When a body system reverses a pH change back to homeostasis

Partial compensation

When a body system attempts to reverse a pH change back to homeostasis, but the pH is still outside normal parameters

conditions that lead to Respiratory Acidosis

Airway obstruction

Pulmonary edema

conditions that lead to Respiratory Alkalosis

Severe anxiety

Higher elevation

conditions that lead to metabolic acidosis

Severe diarrhea

Ketosis

conditions that lead to Metabolic Alkalosis

Excessive vomiting

Severe dehydration

Maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids can be achieved through

control of respiratory ventilation​

In response to respiratory alkalosis, the

kidneys retain more hydrogen ions

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?​

Increased respiratory rate and depth​

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?​

Respiratory alkalosis​

The __________ is a gonad and the __________ is a gamete.​

testis; sperm​

Which hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The primary difference in the urinary system between the reproductive sexes is

the length of the urethra

Which gene is responsible for the development of the AMAB reproductive structures?

SRY gene

Which hormone is produced in both the testes and ovaries?

Inhibin

Which hormones play critical roles in the reproductive system functions of both AMAB and AFAB individuals?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion are inhibited by​ 

testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, and inhibin

Which are the accessory glands of the assigned male at birth (AMAB) reproductive system?

Seminal gland​

Prostate

Bulbourethral gland​

The gonads of assigned female at birth individuals are __________ and the gonads of assigned male at birth individuals are _________.

ovaries; testes

What structure carries the sperm from the epididymis to the prostate?​

Ductus deferens​

What structure carries the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus?​

Uterine tube

Which structures are found in the spermatic cord?​

Muscles

Nerves

Blood vessels

Ductus deferens

 Which structure provides most of the volume of semen?

Seminal glands

Which layer is shed from the uterus during typical menstruation?

Stratum functionalis

The mammary glands are what type of modified gland?

Sudoriferous

What is the function of fructose in seminal fluid?

For adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production by sperm​

Which structures contribute to the erection of the penis?

Deep arteries​

Corpus cavernosum

The _____ muscle moves the testes closer or further away from the body because the ideal temperature for spermatogenesis is ______​​ than normal body temperature.​

cremaster

cooler

When do mammary glands primarily develop within the breasts?​

During pregnancy

When discussing the ovaries, the ovarian follicles are found in the ______ and blood vessels in the ______.

cortex

medulla

How many chromosomes are contained in human sperm?

23

Spermatogenesis occurs in which organ?

Testes

Which portion of the sperm contains the nucleus?

Head

At which stage of folliculogenesis would one begin to see a zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte?

Secondary follicle

What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH) in AMAB individuals?

Stimulates the production of testosterone

Where do the sperm undergo maturation?

Epididymis

Folliculogenesis takes approximately _____ to complete from primordial to mature follicle.

290 days

What is an ovulated egg more technically referred to as?

A secondary oocyte​

Oogenesis begins

during fetal development

Which process will expel the uterine lining from the body during the reproductive cycle?​

Menstruation

Which hormone is responsible for the maturation of ovarian follicles?​

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Which structure is responsible for the manufacture of progesterone?​

Corpus luteum

Which hormone will be the trigger for ovulation to occur?​

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Which phase of the uterine cycle is typified by a thickening of the endometrial lining?​

Proliferative phase

Which hormone is associated most with dysmenorrhea?​

Prostaglandins

Which day of the reproductive cycle is typically associated with ovulation?​

Day 14​

_____ stimulates the proliferative phase and ____ stimulates the secretory phase, while _____ stimulates menstruation.​​

Estrogens

Progesterone

lack of estrogens and progesterone

Secretory phase​

Uterine glands produce glycogen, making a hospitable environment for a fertilized ovum.

Menstrual phase​

Decreased progesterone leads to ischemia in the endometrium.

If fertilization of the oocyte does not occur, the corpus luteum will become which structure?​

Corpus albicans​

Which term is used to describe cramping that occurs during menstruation?​

Dysmenorrhea

Which is generally accepted as a secondary sex characteristic?

The enlargement of the breasts​

Which consists of the development events that occur between childhood and adolescence?

Puberty