LIPIDS: PART 3

Fixed Oils and Fats  

• Contain primarily triglyceride esters, with some free acids

Fats

• are lipids (usually from animals) 

• solid at room temp

Fixed Oils

• are lipids (usually from plants) 

• liquid at room temp

Fixed Oils are called “fixed” because

• they can not be volatilized by heat at ordinary pressures without decomposition

Degree of unsaturation

is often titrated and measured as the iodine value; correlated with their drying capacity

IV: >120

drying

IV: 100-119

semi-drying

IV:<100

non-drying

drying

linseed (flax)

safflower (kasubha)

cod liver

poppy

castor

semi-drying

cottonseed

sunflower

mustard

(cocopese)

non-drying

olive, fish, palm

Intramuscular (IM) inj. solvents are SEMI-DRYING

• COCOPESE (cottonseed, corn, peanut, sesame oils)

Seeds

are most common sources of fixed oils

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

is used for the synthesis of lipids

Fixed oils can also be obtained from

fruit pericarps (or fruit wall) (ex. Elaeis guineensis)

Cotton seeds

delinting (removal of cotton fiber or cellulose)

Castor seeds & Ground Nuts (peanut)

decorticating (removal of the kernel, pericarps, coverings to get the seed)

Castor

also has to be steamed to inactivate lipase

With seeds from various plants, the remaining “cake” usually forms a

valuable cattle feed

Examples: Fixed Oils

• castor oil

• cottonseed oil

• corn oil

• sesame oil

• peanut oil

• almond oil

• ethiodized oil

• olive oil

• palm kernel oil

• soybean oil

• linseed oil

• safflower oil

• enevning primrose oil

• coconut oil

• chaulmoogra oil

• persic oil

• sunflower oil

• rapeseed/ canola

• saw palmetto

• hydrogenated vegetable oil

Examples: Fats

• cocoa butter

• cod liver oil

• lanolin

• suet

• lard

Castor Oil

synonym

Castor Oil

scientific name

Castor Oil

family

Euphorbiaceae)

Castor Oil

constituent

Ricinoleic acid / Triricinolein

Ricinoleic acid:

Purgative properties

R. zanzibarinus -

high ricinoleic acid content

Castor oil is obtained by

decortications

Pomade from castor

contains an allergen

Castor oil is used as

• plasticizer in flexible collodion*, stiffening agent, lubricant for combustion engines

Castor oil

Once a domestic purgative

Castor oil

• Restricted to hospital use for

administration as cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination

Nonionic surfactants (polyethoxylated castor oils)

- used on IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility

Castor oil

caution

• Contains toxic lectin known as ricin - poisonous at high amounts

allied drugs of castor

• croton tiglium (purging cotton)

• jatropha curcas (physic nut/ purgin nut)

• arbus precatorius (prayer beads)

croton tiglium (purging cotton)

• crotin, similar to ricin

• phorbols- cocarcinogens and inflammatory and vesicant

• violent cathartic

jatropha curcas (physic nut/ purgin nut)

curcin

arbus precatorius (prayer beads)

• abrin

• used for abortion and contraception

Cottonseed Oil

scientific name

Gossypium hirsutum

Cottonseed Oil

family

Malvaceae

Cottonseed Oil

constituent

• Oleic 

• Linoleic

Cottonseed Oil

uses

• Used for manufacture of soap

• Solvent for intramuscular injection

• Solvent for number of injections, hydrogenated and used to make substitutes for lard

Cottonseed Oil contains

 gossypol

 gossypol

male contraceptive in China

 Corn Oil

scientific name

Zea mays

 Corn Oil

family

Poaceae

 Corn Oil

constituent

• Oleic 

• Linoleic

 Corn Oil

uses

• Semi-drying oil for IM injections

• High-calorie dietary supplement

• Hydrogenated oil is semisolid and used in baking

• Used in salads

• Solvent for irradiated ergosterol

• Germ oil cake:  cattlefeed

Sesame Oil

synonyms

Linga (Ph)

Gingelly oil

Teel oil

Benne oil

Sesame Oil

scientific name

Sesamum indicum

Sesame Oil

constituents

• Oleic 

• Linoleic

Sesame Oil

family

Pedaliaceae

Sesame Oil

uses

• Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection

• Nutritive, laxative, demulcent, and emollient

Sesamolin:

synergist for pyrethrum insecticides

Sesame lignans:

potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities

sesame oil ID test

Baudoin test

Baudoin test

HCl containing 1% sucrose (with shaking)

Baudoin test

(+) pink

Current BP test for absence of sesame

acetic anhydride + furfuraldehyde + sulfuric acid

Current BP test for absence of sesame

(+) bluish- green

Peanut Oil

synonyms

Peanut Oil

scientific name

Arachis hypogaea

Peanut Oil

family

Fabaceae

Peanut Oil

constituents

• Oleic (~50%)

• Linoleic 

• Arachidic

Peanut Oil

uses

• Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection

• One of the most likely adulterants of other fixed oils

• Used in production of margarine, cooking fats, etc.

• Lubricant, and forms excellent, firm, white soap

Almond Oil

scientific name

Prunus amygdalus 

• var. dulcis (sweet)

• var. amara (bitter)

Almond Oil

family

Rosaceae

Almond Oil

constituents

Oleic (~60-80%)

Sweet almonds

used as food, but bitter almonds are not

Almond Oil

• Benzaldehyde and HCN are separated by

steam distillation

Almond Oil

uses

• Used for many toilet articles and as vehicle for oily injections

• Internally, causes mild laxative action

• Emollient and ingredient in cosmetics

Ethiodized Oil

scientific name

Papaver somniferum

Ethiodized Oil

family

Papaveraceae

Ethiodized Oil

• Iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of fatty acids of poppy seed oil

• Decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming dark brown

• Is a radiopaque and used in hysterosalpingography* and lymphography*

Ethiodized Oil

• Uterus and fallopian tubes

• Lymph vessels of the feet or hands

• Imaging of liver tumors in adults

Olive Oil

synonyms

Salad Oil 

Sweet Oil

Olive Oil

scientific name

Olea europaea

Olive Oil

family

Oleaceae

Olive Oil

constituent

Oleic

Olive Oil

odor is due to

C6 alcohols like hexanol and hexenols

Olive Oil

• Subsequently expressed oils are of lower quality (classes/grade)

• Virgin oil: gently pressed (first class, extra virgin oil more expensive)

• 2) Second grade: more pressure

• 3) Technical oil: hot water is used

• 4) Sulfur olive oil: CS₂

• 5) Tournant oil: from refuse olives (did not pass quality control)

Virgin oil:

gently pressed (first class, extra virgin oil more expensive)

Second grade:

more pressure

Technical oil:

hot water is used

Sulfur olive oil:

CS₂

Tournant oil:

from refuse olives (did not pass quality control)

Olive oil

uses

• preparation of soaps, plastics, salads

• Retardant for dental cements, preparation of soaps, plasters, and liniments

• Demulcent, emollient, laxative

Palm Kernel Oil 

scientific name

Elaeis guineensis

Palm Kernel Oil 

family

Arecaceae

Palm Kernel Oil 

constituents

• Palmitic 

• Oleic

Palm Kernel Oil 

uses

 cooking oil

Palm Kernel obtaines by

• heating separated seeds for 4-6 hours, then cracked and kernels removed (through decortication)

Soybean Oil

scientific name

Glycine max

Soybean Oil

family

(Fabaceae)

Soybean Oil

constituents

• Oleic

• Linoleic

Soybean Oil

• Varnish, insulator, other products

• Not useful as cooking oil

Lecithin:

for deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism

Partially hydrogenation soybean oil:

for oral preps

Soybean cake: 

livestock food

Soybean meal:

used for detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum (soybean contains urease)