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Fixed Oils and Fats
Contain primarily triglyceride esters, with some free acids
Fats
are lipids (usually from animals)
solid at room temp
Fixed Oils
are lipids (usually from plants)
liquid at room temp
Fixed Oils are called “fixed” because
they can not be volatilized by heat at ordinary pressures without decomposition
Degree of unsaturation
is often titrated and measured as the iodine value; correlated with their drying capacity
IV: >120
drying
IV: 100-119
semi-drying
IV:<100
non-drying
drying
linseed (flax)
safflower (kasubha)
cod liver
poppy
castor
semi-drying
cottonseed
sunflower
mustard
(cocopese)
non-drying
olive, fish, palm
Intramuscular (IM) inj. solvents are SEMI-DRYING
COCOPESE (cottonseed, corn, peanut, sesame oils)
Seeds
are most common sources of fixed oils
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
is used for the synthesis of lipids
Fixed oils can also be obtained from
fruit pericarps (or fruit wall) (ex. Elaeis guineensis)
Cotton seeds
delinting (removal of cotton fiber or cellulose)
Castor seeds & Ground Nuts (peanut)
decorticating (removal of the kernel, pericarps, coverings to get the seed)
Castor
also has to be steamed to inactivate lipase
With seeds from various plants, the remaining “cake” usually forms a
valuable cattle feed
Examples: Fixed Oils
castor oil
cottonseed oil
corn oil
sesame oil
peanut oil
almond oil
ethiodized oil
olive oil
palm kernel oil
soybean oil
linseed oil
safflower oil
enevning primrose oil
coconut oil
chaulmoogra oil
persic oil
sunflower oil
rapeseed/ canola
saw palmetto
hydrogenated vegetable oil
Examples: Fats
cocoa butter
cod liver oil
lanolin
suet
lard
Castor Oil
synonym
Castor Oil
scientific name
Castor Oil
family
Euphorbiaceae)
Castor Oil
constituent
Ricinoleic acid / Triricinolein
Ricinoleic acid:
Purgative properties
R. zanzibarinus -
high ricinoleic acid content
Castor oil is obtained by
decortications
Pomade from castor
contains an allergen
Castor oil is used as
plasticizer in flexible collodion*, stiffening agent, lubricant for combustion engines
Castor oil
Once a domestic purgative
Castor oil
Restricted to hospital use for
administration as cathartic for food poisoning and preliminary to intestinal examination
Nonionic surfactants (polyethoxylated castor oils)
- used on IV preparations which contain drugs of low aqueous solubility
Castor oil
caution
Contains toxic lectin known as ricin - poisonous at high amounts
allied drugs of castor
croton tiglium (purging cotton)
jatropha curcas (physic nut/ purgin nut)
arbus precatorius (prayer beads)
croton tiglium (purging cotton)
crotin, similar to ricin
phorbols- cocarcinogens and inflammatory and vesicant
violent cathartic
jatropha curcas (physic nut/ purgin nut)
curcin
arbus precatorius (prayer beads)
abrin
used for abortion and contraception
Cottonseed Oil
scientific name
Gossypium hirsutum
Cottonseed Oil
family
Malvaceae
Cottonseed Oil
constituent
Oleic
Linoleic
Cottonseed Oil
uses
Used for manufacture of soap
Solvent for intramuscular injection
Solvent for number of injections, hydrogenated and used to make substitutes for lard
Cottonseed Oil contains
gossypol
gossypol
male contraceptive in China
Corn Oil
scientific name
Zea mays
Corn Oil
family
Poaceae
Corn Oil
constituent
Oleic
Linoleic
Corn Oil
uses
Semi-drying oil for IM injections
High-calorie dietary supplement
Hydrogenated oil is semisolid and used in baking
Used in salads
Solvent for irradiated ergosterol
Germ oil cake: cattlefeed
Sesame Oil
synonyms
Linga (Ph)
Gingelly oil
Teel oil
Benne oil
Sesame Oil
scientific name
Sesamum indicum
Sesame Oil
constituents
Oleic
Linoleic
Sesame Oil
family
Pedaliaceae
Sesame Oil
uses
Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection
Nutritive, laxative, demulcent, and emollient
Sesamolin:
synergist for pyrethrum insecticides
Sesame lignans:
potential reduction in serum cholesterol and increased vitamin E activities
sesame oil ID test
Baudoin test
Baudoin test
HCl containing 1% sucrose (with shaking)
Baudoin test
(+) pink
Current BP test for absence of sesame
acetic anhydride + furfuraldehyde + sulfuric acid
Current BP test for absence of sesame
(+) bluish- green
Peanut Oil
synonyms
Peanut Oil
scientific name
Arachis hypogaea
Peanut Oil
family
Fabaceae
Peanut Oil
constituents
Oleic (~50%)
Linoleic
Arachidic
Peanut Oil
uses
Semi-drying oil for intramuscular injection
One of the most likely adulterants of other fixed oils
Used in production of margarine, cooking fats, etc.
Lubricant, and forms excellent, firm, white soap
Almond Oil
scientific name
Prunus amygdalus
var. dulcis (sweet)
var. amara (bitter)
Almond Oil
family
Rosaceae
Almond Oil
constituents
Oleic (~60-80%)
Sweet almonds
used as food, but bitter almonds are not
Almond Oil
Benzaldehyde and HCN are separated by
steam distillation
Almond Oil
uses
Used for many toilet articles and as vehicle for oily injections
Internally, causes mild laxative action
Emollient and ingredient in cosmetics
Ethiodized Oil
scientific name
Papaver somniferum
Ethiodized Oil
family
Papaveraceae
Ethiodized Oil
Iodine addition product of the ethyl ester of fatty acids of poppy seed oil
Decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming dark brown
Is a radiopaque and used in hysterosalpingography* and lymphography*
Ethiodized Oil
Uterus and fallopian tubes
Lymph vessels of the feet or hands
Imaging of liver tumors in adults
Olive Oil
synonyms
Salad Oil
Sweet Oil
Olive Oil
scientific name
Olea europaea
Olive Oil
family
Oleaceae
Olive Oil
constituent
Oleic
Olive Oil
odor is due to
C6 alcohols like hexanol and hexenols
Olive Oil
Subsequently expressed oils are of lower quality (classes/grade)
Virgin oil: gently pressed (first class, extra virgin oil more expensive)
2) Second grade: more pressure
3) Technical oil: hot water is used
4) Sulfur olive oil: CS2
5) Tournant oil: from refuse olives (did not pass quality control)
Virgin oil:
gently pressed (first class, extra virgin oil more expensive)
Second grade:
more pressure
Technical oil:
hot water is used
Sulfur olive oil:
CS2
Tournant oil:
from refuse olives (did not pass quality control)
Olive oil
uses
preparation of soaps, plastics, salads
Retardant for dental cements, preparation of soaps, plasters, and liniments
Demulcent, emollient, laxative
Palm Kernel Oil
scientific name
Elaeis guineensis
Palm Kernel Oil
family
Arecaceae
Palm Kernel Oil
constituents
Palmitic
Oleic
Palm Kernel Oil
uses
cooking oil
Palm Kernel obtaines by
heating separated seeds for 4-6 hours, then cracked and kernels removed (through decortication)
Soybean Oil
scientific name
Glycine max
Soybean Oil
family
(Fabaceae)
Soybean Oil
constituents
Oleic
Linoleic
Soybean Oil
Varnish, insulator, other products
Not useful as cooking oil
Lecithin:
for deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism
Partially hydrogenation soybean oil:
for oral preps
Soybean cake:
livestock food
Soybean meal:
used for detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum (soybean contains urease)