ARCH 2040 Unit 2

institution

system of rules that structure social interaction, governs a set of behaviors by individuals, transcends individuals and are identified with a social purpose (ex religion, family,

consequences of industrial revolution

major changes in every aspect of everyday life, unprecedented population growth, shift from agriculture to industry, population growth, urban growth, paves the way toward mass production and assembly lines, as well as new building materials and techniques

Neo-classicism

(originates in France) Western cultural movement manifested in architecture,
visual and decorative arts, music, theater that draws inspiration form
the culture of classical antiquity; the revival of the classical styles of
antiquity

differences between neoclassicism and Renaissance

in the 19th c there is better knowledge of documentary
sources i.e. ancient ruins (excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum)
new technologies
new building materials
aspirations for an architecture accessible to all

academic village

by Thomas Jefferson- university of Virginia- secular education
Masterplan: central axial lawn flanked by interlinked
colonnaded pavilions, with the Rotunda (library) at one end
(Rotunda – inspired by the Pantheon, Rome)

Shadowcatcher

by Walter Hood - UVA expansion
marks the homestead and cemetery remains of an African American family

J.-N.-L. Durand

RATIONAL APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURE
Replaces the Vitruvian triad firmitas – utilitas – venustas (solidity – utility – beauty) with economy – simplicity – convenience
uses grids, graph paper, standardized parts
logical, simple forms, basic relationships
BEGINNING OF STANDARDIZATION
grid as method of standardization and control
basic design comes first

Neo-Gothic or Gothic Revival

[originates in Germany and England]
cultural movement emerging in the late 18th century as a
form of resistance to Neo-classical styles

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe writes what essay?

On German Architecture

John Ruskin

inspired by Italian gothic
traveled the grand tour
PUBLISHED: The Seven Lamps of Architecture
(1849) and The Stones of Venice (1853)
emphasis on return to midevil craft
thinks structure should always be visible

John Ruskin wrote what?

the Seven lamps of architecture, The Stones if Venice

Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

restorations of buildings to an idealized state that actually differ from the original (things around this time having been destroyed, then the concept of preserving architectural heritage emerges)
Restores over 200 structures – idealized version of a French vernacular
STRUCTURAL RATIONALISM

Eugene-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc wrote what?

Dictionary of French Architecture, Discourses on Architecture-
Theoretical explorations that propose a new architecture based
on modern materials, inspired by the principles of Gothic
architecture

Henri Labrouste

Innovative cast-iron frames + masonry piers + arches

Victoria Station

in india, inspired by John Ruskin’s work, Neo-Gohic decoration

New Iron Age

With the Industrial Revolution: new materials (iron and glass) and new building techniques
New building typologies: Industrial buildings (factories, warehouses, train station) + cultural buildings (St. Genevieve Library, Paris) + commercial spaces (covered galleries) + suspension bridges

John Paxton

architect, parliament member, gardener
uses standardized measurements of iron and glass
illustrated division of labor

École des Beaux Arts [School of Fine Arts], Paris (France)
(for painting, sculpture and architecture)

Promoter of classical aesthetic traditions and ideals
- Promoter of specific instruction methods – atelier (studio)
- The most powerful entity that ever existed for training high-skilled architects

parti

(from prendre parti – to take a stand)
Basic scheme of the building and fundamental solution of the functional program

Eclecticism

combination of elements from different historical styles into one work

Atelier (studio)

educational system at the Ecole; students work in the atelier of a senior patron; younger students help older ones to prepare projects for the Prix de Rome competition

Julien Guadet

promotes eclecticism, study of classical and gothic structures

Charles Garnier

builds opera house in paris (becomes an institution within itself)
he designs it according to how people walk in pairs, spatial and social heriarchy

Benjamin Henry Latrobe

British-American architect
works first in London in an architecture and engineer firm
Bank of Pennsylvania: ionic temple fronts – central dome over the rotunda (first true masonry vault in the US) – establishes the temple type as an appropriate form for American banks
DESIGNS CAPITOL BUILDING IN DC

William Strickland

Studied with Benjamin Latrobe
Active mainly in Philadelphia and Nashville
promoted Greek Revival
early example of use of structural iron (Tennessee State Capitol)

Reichstag Building- who worked on it

Paul Wallot, Paul Baumgarten restores it after it is almost destroyed, Norman Foster finished it

Johan Sigfrid Siren built

finnish Parliment Building
Architectural style that combines Neo-Classicism and early modernism: simplified columns, less decoration

Zhang Bo built

Great Hall of the People, Beijing
example of Chinese Neo-Classicism, built in 10 months

Le Corbusier built (In india)

palace of assembly, palace of justice, monument to the open hand

Louis Khan built

National Assembly Buidling, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Modernist building rooted in its context
Main idea: to create an identity to the newly established country of Bangladesh
Poured in place concrete with inlaid white marble

Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue built

scottish parliament building
Incorporates elements of Scottish heritage: landscape, forms of
upturn boats in a nearby shoreline, floral paintings by Charles
Rennie Mackintosh (revered Scottish architect and painter)

Louis Sullivan wrote and built

writes the first theoretical piece on tall-buildings – “The Tall
Office Building Artistically Considered” (1896) – Forms follows function.
configuration reminiscent of a classical column
Form ever follows function.
Organic: evolutionist ornament
Function leads to form organically and evolutionistically

built wainwright building

Raymond Hood built

American Radiator Building
steel frame cladded in black bricks to reduce the contrast between the dark window hollows and the walls
golden finials capping each structural bay repeat the geometry of the tower’s stepped forms

Hugh Ferriss wrote what?

Metropolis of Tomorrow (book of drawings depicting visions of future skyscrapers generated by the 1916 Zoning Law)

Plinth

a heavy base supporting a statue / vase / building

Finial

distinctive ornament at the top of a roof / pinnacle / tower

Richard Morris Hunt

First American architect trained at the Beaux Arts in Paris
built the Biltmore estate

McKim, Meade and White built

Boston Public Library
inspired by St. Genevieve Library in Paris [note
the vaulted ceilings, the large windows, bookshelves inserted into wall
thicknesses, Neo-Classical language]

Thomas Jefferson Building, Library of Congress

Gunnar Asplund built

Stockholm Public Library

Mecanoo built

TU Delft Library
Sits opposite a concrete Brutalist building
Tilted lawn – creates spaces for the library underneath
A cone pierces the lawn and the library

Seattle Public Library

Library as civic space – people go there to study, but also to gather, attend
different events and simply hang out
Circulation of knowledge in all media
The Book Spiral: innovative organizing system for an ever-growing physical collection

Henry Hobson Richardson

Studies for 6 years at the Beaux Arts in Paris –learns about architectural polychromy [use of multiple colors]
Interest in medieval architecture and medieval masonry – Romanesque cathedrals

built Trinity Church in Boston

Auguste Perret

he used reinforced concrete- included it in the facade of buildings
built Rue Franklin Apartment Building (pictured), Notre Dame de Raincy

Notre Dame de Raincy (building)

built by Auguste Perret

exposed concrete structure – raw expression of materials –technology and construction materials drive the aesthetics of the building
Re-interpretation of Gothic elements: slender columns, large glazed walls, dominant tower

Ronchamp Chapel

built by Le Corbusier
he studied under Perret and learned about reinforced concrete

La Tourette Monastery

built by Le Corbusier
housed monks
Skylights bring daylight and color into spaces
Individual cells: narrow, austere units with views toward the landscape

Eladio Dieste built

Atlantida Church, Uruguay,
engineer – innovative brickwork
Structure: curved brick walls + vaulted roof – walls + vault form a type of shell frame

Mario Botta built

Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center
Rectangular volumes rotate and open up into a circular shape – transition from Earth
(symbolized by the square) to Heavens (symbolized by the circle)
Inscribed square roof within the circle creates arched segments that filter light down into spaces
interior: gold sandstone
exterior: red sandstone

Robert Robinson Taylor

"soldier's home" thesis
taught at Tuskegee Institute
Early examples of design-built projects: students design the campus buildings in studio, make the bricks in the workshops and work on the construction sites

Julian F. Abele built

Philadelphia Museum of Art

Post WWII

The birth of the “Third World”
Nations in Africa and the Indian subcontinent win independence from colonial powers

Overall trend: postcolonial architects often return to indigenous models as a means of showing independence

Architecture will become a major ideological tool in affirming different political positions
Main issue: the question of identity

Anthropology center, mexico city

Lina Bo Bardi built

Sao Paolo Museum of Art

Kimbell Art Museum

built by Louis Kahn and Harriet Pattison
Landscape: key aspect of the project – landscape architect Harriet Pattison
Creates the impression of enclosed spaces by placing top-lit vaults over the
galleries
Structural innovation: post-tension concrete vault-shaped beams span the 102
ft spaces

Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture

built by David Adjaye
Operates simultaneously as a museum + memorial + space for cross-cultural community building
Main design elements: overall “corona” shape + the porch(extension of the building into the landscape) + filigree envelope (bronze-coated aluminum lattice)
Envelope pattern: reference to African American craftsmanship