Human Skeleton and Muscular System Practice

Vocabulary flashcards covering human skeletal anatomy, bone types, joint classification, and common skeletal disorders based on the lecture transcript.

Skeleton

A rigid internal or external framework of bone, cartilage, or other rigid material that provides support, shape, and protection to the soft parts of the body.

Endoskeleton

A skeleton that is present inside the body, such as the human skeleton.

Human Skeleton (Adult)

The internal framework of the body composed of $206$ bones, reduced from $270$ bones at birth due to fusion.

Axial Skeleton

The central part of the skeletal system consisting of the skull, ribs, and vertebral column.

Appendicular Skeleton

The part of the skeleton consisting of $126$ bones, including the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, forelimbs, and hind limbs.

Cartilage

A flexible, smooth, and elastic rubber-like padding tissue made of chondrocytes that protects the ends of long bones and lacks blood vessels.

Bone

A rigid tissue that supports and protects organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals, containing specialized cells called osteocytes.

Osteocytes

The specialized cells that constitute bone tissue.

Chondrocytes

The specialized cells that constitute cartilage tissue.

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells produced within the bone marrow of larger bones.

Leucocytes

White blood cells produced within the bone marrow of larger bones.

Osteoblasts

Cells involved in the growth and repair of bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Cells involved in the remodeling and recycling of the bone matrix.

Andreas Vesalius

Known as the father of modern anatomy, he wrote the first major book about anatomy, 'De Humani Corporis Fabrica', in $1543$.

Cranium Bones

The part of the skull consisting of $8$ bones that protect the brain.

Facial Bones

The part of the skull consisting of $14$ bones.

Hyoid Bone

A single bone embedded in the middle of the upper side of the neck.

True Ribs

The first $7$ pairs of ribs that are directly attached to the sternum from the ventral side.

False Ribs

Rib pairs number $8$, $9$, and $10$ which are indirectly attached to the sternum via coastal cartilage.

Floating Ribs

The last $2$ pairs of small ribs that are not attached to the sternum directly or indirectly.

Vertebral Column

The back bone comprising $33$ vertebrae divided into five groups based on location.

Cervical Vertebrae

The $7$ vertebrae located in the neck region.

Thoracic Vertebrae

The $12$ vertebrae located in the thoracic region.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The $5$ large vertebrae located under the thoracic region.

Sacral Vertebrae

A group of $5$ vertebrae in the hip region that are fused to form one bone.

Coccygeal Vertebrae

A group of $4$ vertebrae located in the cavity of the pelvic girdle that are fused to form one bone.

Pectoral Girdle

Consists of $4$ bones: two broad flat scapulae and two weak elongated clavicles.

Glenoid Cavity

The cavity in the scapula where the head of the humerus bone connects.

Coxa

The single adult bone formed by the fusion of the ilium, pubis, and ischium.

Joint

A structure where two bones or parts of the skeleton are fitted together or articulate.

Sutures

Immoveable joints, such as those found between the bones of the cranium.

Synarthroses

Fixed joints where movement is not possible, such as cranium joints and joints between sacral/coccygeal vertebrae.

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints, such as the joints between the vertebrae.

Synovial Joints (Diarthroses)

Freely moveable joints containing synovial membranes that produce synovial fluid, such as ball and socket or hinge joints.

Tendon

A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or muscle to eyeball.

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, holding structures together and keeping them stable.

Hinge Joint (Ginglymus)

A synovial joint that allows movement in only one plane, such as the elbow or knee.

Ball and Socket (Spheroidal Joint)

A synovial joint where the round end of one bone fits into the cavity of another, allowing movement in different directions.

Origin

The end of a muscle attached to a stationary bone.

Insertion

The end of a muscle attached to a moveable bone.

Antagonism

The action of a pair of opposing muscles, such as flexors and extensors, working together.

Flexor

A muscle that bends a joint when it contracts, such as the bicep at the elbow.

Extensor

A muscle that straightens a joint when it contracts, such as the tricep at the elbow.

Osteoporosis

A condition resulting from calcium or estrogen deficiency that weakens bones, making them porous and fragile.

Arthritis

The inflammation of joints, characterized by pain and stiffness that typically worsen with age.

Osteoarthritis

A type of arthritis caused by wear and tear from overuse, joint injuries, or obesity.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the joints, leading to inflammation and damage.

Gout

A skeletal disorder caused by a build-up of uric acid crystals in a joint, typically in the big toe, knee, or wrist.

Arthroplasty

The medical principle of joint replacement to provide relief and return of function for patients with destructive joint disease.