bonding, structure and properties of matter

ions are ________ particles

charged

how do atoms become an ion

gain or lose an electrons to get a full outer shell

atoms with full outer shells are very…

stable

noble gases on the periodic table are group

O

When metals form ions they _____ electrons from their outer shell to form _______ ions

lose positive

When non-metals form ions they _____ electrons from their outer shell to form _______ ions

gain negative

which two groups of elements are metals which lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)

group 1+2

which two groups of elements are non-metals which gain electrons to form negative ions (anions)

group 6+7

group 1 elements form

1+ ions

group 2 elements form

2+ ions

group 6 elements form

2- ions

group 7 elements form

1- ions

the column number is how many electrons

in the outer shell

what is ionic bonding

when a metal and a non-metal react together

in ionic bonding the oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by

electrostatic forces

ionic compounds have a structure called

a giant ionic lattice

do ionic compounds have high or low melting and boiling point + why?

high because of the strong bonds between the ions so lots of energy is needed to overcome it

when ionic compounds are solid to they conduct electricity

no

when ionic compounds are melted to they conduct electricity + why

yes because they’re free to move so can carry electric charge

when dissolved in water can ionic compounds carry electrical charge?

yes as they’re free to move

what are the three steps to work out empirical formula

1- work out what ions are in the compound

2- what out what charges the ions will form

3- balance the charges so the charge of the empirical formula is zero

what is covalent bonding

where non-metal atoms bond together and 5hey share a pair of electrons to make covalent bonds

the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces making the covalent bonds very…

strong

in which shell to atoms share their electrons

outer shell

how many shared electrons does a single covalent bond provide for each atom

one

having a full outer shell gives atoms the electronic structure of a

noble gas which is very stable

substances containing covalent bonds usually have…

simple molecular structure

atoms within simple molecular structures are held together by …

very strong covalent bonds

the forces of attraction between molecules in simple molecular substances are…

very weak

to melt or boil a simple molecular compound you need to break the ___________ ______ not the __________ _____

intermolecular forces covalent bonds

simple molecular substances have a _______ ______ melting and boiling point

very low

what state of matter are most molecular substances at room temp

gases or liquids

As molecules get bigger the strength of the intermolecular forces _______ so ____ energy is needed to break them and melting and boiling points ________

increases more increase

do molecular compounds conduct electricity and why

no because they aren’t charged so there are no free electrons or ions

What is this describing

lots of small units which are linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections

a polymer

all the atoms in a polymer are joined together by

strong covalent bonds

what can you do instead of drawing out the entire polymer molecule

draw the shortest repeating section like this

how do you find the molecular formula of a polymer

write down the molecular formula of the repeating unit in brackets and put an ‘n’ outside

are the intermolecular forces between polymer molecules larger or smaller than simple covalent molecules and what does this mean to break them?

larger and more energy is needed to break them

what state of matter are most polymers at room temperature

solid

polymers intermolecular forces are still ______ than ionic or covalent bonds, so they generally have _____ boiling points

weaker lower

In giant covalent structures all the atoms are bonded to each other by

strong covalent bonds

how high or low are giant covalent structures melting and boiling points

very high

do giant covalent structures conduct electricity?

no as they don’t contain charged particles apart from a few exceptions such as graphite, diamond and silicon dioxide

(in diamonds) each carbon atom form ____ covalent bonds in a very _____ giant covalent structure

four rigid

(in graphite) each carbon atom forms _____ covalent bonds to create _______ of _________ each carbon atom also has one ___________ electron

three layers hexagons delocalised

(in silicon dioxide) this is what ____ is made of, each grain of ____ is one giant structure of silicon and oxygen

sand sand

what structure does diamond have?

giant covalent made up of carbon atoms that each form four covalent bonds

how high or low is diamonds boiling/melting point

very high

do diamonds conduct electricity

no

in graphite are their any covalent bonds between the layers

no they’re held together very weakly so they’re free to move over each other

how high or low is graphites melting point

very high

can graphite conduct electricity

yes as one of the 4 electrons is delocalised

graphene is ___ layers of graphite

one

how thick is graphene

1 atom thick

can graphene conduct electricty

yes it can be used in electronics

is graphene strong?

yes

what are fullerenes

molecules of carbon, shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls.

what are fullerenes mainly made up of and how are they arranged

carbon atoms arranged in hexagons but also can be in pentagons and heptagons

the fullerene structure can trap another atom or molecule inside how could this be used

to deliver a drug inside the body

how big is fullerenes surface area

huge

fullerenes can form

nanotubes - tiny carbon cylinders

can nanotubes conduct electricity and thermal energy

yes

what are 4 uses of fullrenes

lubricants catalysts drug delivery to strengthen materials

metals also consist of…

a giant structure

the electrons in the outer shell of the metal atoms are

delocalised

their are strong forces of electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and

the shared negative electrons

is metallic bonding strong

yes

metallic bonding is held together by

forces of electrostatic attraction

which substances are held together by metallic b9nding

metallic elements and alloys

do compounds with metallic bonds have high or low boiling/melting points

high

metals are good _________ of electricity and heat

conductors

most metals are m________

malleable

alloys are harder than

pure metals

most pure metals are too

soft

if solids have a strong force of attraction between particles what is a gas’ like

very weak