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urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
dysuria, discharge
caused by infection
renal calculi
kidney stones
causes back or side pain, hematuria, nausea/vomit
acute urinary retention
inability to empty
causes discomfort, emergent
urinary tract infection (UTI)
bacterial infection of urinary system
need to pee often, burning sensation when peeing, incontinence, inability to pee, can be asymp
urethral stricture
narrowing of the urethra
slows stream or difficult to urinate
tinea cruris
fungal infection
causes red itchy skin in groin, extremely uncomfortable
OTC to treat
genital herpes (HSV-2 infection)
viral infection causes painful blister/sores, flu-like symptoms
genital warts
caused by HPV, small skin colored bumps
syphilitic chancre
painless sores at first, then very serious, treat ASAP
carcinoma
penile cancer, lump/sore or growth that doesn’t go away or heal
hypospadias
urethral opening on underside of penis, found at birth
may need surgery
epispadias
urethral opening on topside of penis, less common
needs surgery
priapism
painful, prolonged erection not related to sexual activity
can cause permanent damage
phimosis
foreskin is too tight and can’t be retracted over glans
hygiene issues or frequent infections
paraphimosis
foreskin is retracted and can’t go back
can cut off circulation, can be serious
Peyronie’s disease
scar tissue development in penis causing it to bend during erection
pain or difficulty in sexual function
cryptorchidism (absent testis)
undistended testes into scrotum, noticed at birth
Increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer later in life
small testes
size difference or intense shrinkage
hormonal issue or past injury
testicular torsion
when spermatic cord twists and cuts off blood supply to testicles
sudden and severe pain and swelling
immediate surgical intervention needed
epididymitis
inflammation of epididymis
causes pain, swelling, redness
linked to STIs or urinary infections
varicoele
enlarged veins in scrotum, feels like “bag of worms”
can lead to infertility
spermatocele
painless cyst in epididymis, harmless
if very large can impair circulation
early testicular tumor
painless lump or hard area in testicle
get further evaluation – early detection!!
hydrocele
fluid collection around testicles, painless but causes swelling
seen via transillumination
scrotal hernia
part of intestine pushes into scrotum via inguinal canal, felt as a bulge
orchitis
inflammation of testicles due to infection, painful and swollen
scrotal edema
general swelling of scrotum
associated with HF, kidney issues, local infection
inguinal and femoral hernias
intestines push through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, looks like a bulge in the inguinal or thigh area
symps: pain, heaviness, discomfort especially when coughing, lifting or standing for long periods, asymp
types: indirect inguinal hernia, direct inguinal hernia, femoral hernia
indirect inguinal hernia
most common, often congenital, through inguinal canal
more common in male patients bc hernia extends into scrotum
direct inguinal hernia
usually occurs later in life due to weakened abdominal muscles
usually appears more medially
rarely enters scrotum
femoral hernia
more common in women, below inguinal ligament and femoral canal, higher risk of being strangulated
strangulated hernias
blood supply gets cut off by hernia, surgical emergency
presents with severe pain, nausea, vomit
dimpling
sign of skin retraction
attached to something internally
edema Peau d’Orange
looks like an orange peel
fixation
something’s pulling up on the breast, seen when patient leans forward
deviation
nipple pointing off in one direction
benign fibrocystic breast disease
tender masses with swelling and tenderness, nodularity, dominant lumps, Nipple discharge, Dull heavy and cyclic pain
fibroadenoma
benign mass, solitary and nontender, usually found in Self breast exam
Round, 1-5cm, freely movable, slippery
plugged duct
tender, warm, red lump
No milk output due to improper latching or not emptied fully, self-resolving
breast abscess
Localized infection, hard pocket of pus, erythema, tenderness
Treat with antibiotics, may need drainage
mastitis
Infection secondary to plugged duct, erythema, tenderness, warm, hard to touch
Headache, fever, chills, malaise
Treat with rest, localized heat, antibiotics, frequent nursing
adult gynecomastia
Benign enlargement of male breast under nipple-areola
Weight gain, estrogen > testosterone
Causes: cushing’s disease, cirrhosis, adrenal disease, hyperthyroid, medications
male breast cancer
dimpling, nipple deviation, painless palpable mass, nipple discharge, men diagnosed late
barrel chest
1:1 AP:T
common in COPD and emphysema
pectus carinatum
bowing out from the sternum
not an issue, no treatment
pectus excavatum
pigeon hole in sternum
not an issue, no treatment
scoliosis
S curve in spine, uneven shoulders and scapula
can impact lungs
kyphosis
hunchback, curve of upper thoracic spine
impacts upper lung lobes
fine crackles
High-pitched, short crackling or popping
Usually during inspiration, not cleared by cough
Due to air entering deflated airways and the alveoli are popping open
discontinous
coarse crackles
Loud, low-pitched bubbling or gurgling
May improve with suctioning or coughing
Start in inspiration, may extend to expiration
Due to air moving through secretions or fluid
discontinuous
pleural friction rub
Superficial sound, coarse, low-pitched, rubbing
Due to pleural inflammation causing tissue to rub together on inspiration
discontinuous
wheeze
High-pitched, musical squeaking
Usually on expiration, can be on inspiration
Due to air moving through narrowed airways
rhonchi
Low-pitched snoring sound
Heard throughout cycle, may clear somewhat with coughing
due to airflow obstruction, often secondary to secretions
stridor
High-pitched, inspiratory sound louder in neck than over chest
Narrowing of upper airway due to inflammation or foreign body
normal cervix
pink, smooth, moist, midline with round opening (the os)
nuliparous cervix
Never gave birth, small round os
parous cervix
After childbirth, slit-like os
unilateral transverse cervix
half side horizontal slit os
bilateral transverse cervix
full horizontal slit os
stellate cervix
Star-shape os, possibly from childbirth
cervical eversion
Inner part of the cervix turns outward, common, benign
nabothian cyst
Small, yellow or white bumps filled with mucus around os, normal especially after childbirth
abnormalities on the female external genitalia
STIs (crabs), herpes simplex virus, syphilitic chancre
cystocele
bladder drops in vaginal wall due to weak muscle
rectocele
rectum pushes into vaginal wall
uterine prolapse
uterus descends outside vaginal canal
cervical cyanosis
bluish cervix, often in pregnancy due to increased blood flow
cervical erosion
areas where cervical tissue looks raw or red due to irritation or infection
cervical polyp
small, benign growth on cervix that may cause spotting
diethylstilbestrol (DES) syndrome
condition seen in women whose mother took DES drug that cause abnormalities in cervix causing cognitive and behavioral symptoms
cervical cancer
cause bleeding, dysplasia, found during pap smear
atrophic vaginitis
occurs in postmenopausal women, due to low estrogen
Tissue becomes thin, dry and more prone to irritation/infection
candidiasis/moniliasis
yeast infection, caused by yeast overgrowth, thickened white discharge, itchy
trichomoniasis
STI, frothy green discharge, strong odor
bacterial vaginosis
imbalance of normal vaginal bacteria, fishy odor, discharge
ambiguous genitalia
external genital doesn’t appear to male or female
vulvovaginitis in children
inflammation of vulva and vagina, poor hygiene, causes redness, itchy, abnormal discharge
acute salpingitis
fallopian tube mass
ectopic pregnancy
fallopian tube mass, egg implants in fallopian tube, medical emergency
ovarian cyst
fluctuant ovarian mass, feels soft and fluid filled
ovarian cancer
solid ovarian mass, get further evaluation
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
multiple small cysts on ovaries, causes hormonal imbalance, irregular periods, infertility
uterine enlargement
Pregnancy
Myomas (leiomyomas, uterine fibroids)
Carcinoma of the endometrium (cancer of uterine lining)
Endometriosis
endometriosis
uterine lining tissue growth outside of the uterus, causes enlargement, tenderness