HA final abnormalities

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84 Terms

1
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urethritis

  • inflammation of the urethra

  • dysuria, discharge

  • caused by infection

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renal calculi

kidney stones

  • causes back or side pain, hematuria, nausea/vomit

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acute urinary retention

 inability to empty

  • causes discomfort, emergent

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urinary tract infection (UTI)

bacterial infection of urinary system

  • need to pee often, burning sensation when peeing, incontinence, inability to pee, can be asymp

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urethral stricture

narrowing of the urethra

  • slows stream or difficult to urinate

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tinea cruris

fungal infection

  • causes red itchy skin in groin, extremely uncomfortable

  • OTC to treat

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genital herpes (HSV-2 infection)

viral infection causes painful blister/sores, flu-like symptoms

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genital warts

caused by HPV, small skin colored bumps

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syphilitic chancre

painless sores at first, then very serious, treat ASAP

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carcinoma

penile cancer, lump/sore or growth that doesn’t go away or heal

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hypospadias

urethral opening on underside of penis, found at birth

  • may need surgery

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epispadias

urethral opening on topside of penis, less common

  • needs surgery

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priapism

painful, prolonged erection not related to sexual activity

  • can cause permanent damage

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phimosis

foreskin is too tight and can’t be retracted over glans

  • hygiene issues or frequent infections

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paraphimosis

foreskin is retracted and can’t go back

  • can cut off circulation, can be serious

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Peyronie’s disease

scar tissue development in penis causing it to bend during erection

  • pain or difficulty in sexual function

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cryptorchidism (absent testis)

undistended testes into scrotum, noticed at birth

  • Increased risk of infertility and testicular cancer later in life

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small testes

size difference or intense shrinkage

  • hormonal issue or past injury

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testicular torsion

when spermatic cord twists and cuts off blood supply to testicles

  • sudden and severe pain and swelling

  • immediate surgical intervention needed

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epididymitis

inflammation of epididymis

  • causes pain, swelling, redness

  • linked to STIs or urinary infections

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varicoele

enlarged veins in scrotum, feels like “bag of worms”

  • can lead to infertility

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spermatocele

painless cyst in epididymis, harmless

  • if very large can impair circulation

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early testicular tumor

painless lump or hard area in testicle

  • get further evaluation – early detection!!

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hydrocele

fluid collection around testicles, painless but causes swelling

  • seen via transillumination

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scrotal hernia

part of intestine pushes into scrotum via inguinal canal, felt as a bulge

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orchitis

inflammation of testicles due to infection, painful and swollen

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scrotal edema

general swelling of scrotum

  • associated with HF, kidney issues, local infection

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inguinal and femoral hernias

intestines push through a weak spot in the abdominal wall, looks like a bulge in the inguinal or thigh area

  • symps: pain, heaviness, discomfort especially when coughing, lifting or standing for long periods, asymp

  • types: indirect inguinal hernia, direct inguinal hernia, femoral hernia

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indirect inguinal hernia

most common, often congenital, through inguinal canal

  • more common in male patients bc hernia extends into scrotum

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direct inguinal hernia

usually occurs later in life due to weakened abdominal muscles

  • usually appears more medially

  • rarely enters scrotum

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femoral hernia

more common in women, below inguinal ligament and femoral canal, higher risk of being strangulated

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strangulated hernias

blood supply gets cut off by hernia, surgical emergency

  • presents with severe pain, nausea, vomit

33
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dimpling

sign of skin retraction

  • attached to something internally

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edema Peau d’Orange

looks like an orange peel

35
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fixation

something’s pulling up on the breast, seen when patient leans forward

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deviation

nipple pointing off in one direction

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benign fibrocystic breast disease

tender masses with swelling and tenderness, nodularity, dominant lumps, Nipple discharge, Dull heavy and cyclic pain

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fibroadenoma

benign mass, solitary and nontender, usually found in Self breast exam

  • Round, 1-5cm, freely movable, slippery

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plugged duct

tender, warm, red lump

  • No milk output due to improper latching or not emptied fully, self-resolving

40
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breast abscess

Localized infection, hard pocket of pus, erythema, tenderness

  • Treat with antibiotics, may need drainage

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mastitis

Infection secondary to plugged duct, erythema, tenderness, warm, hard to touch

  • Headache, fever, chills, malaise

  • Treat with rest, localized heat, antibiotics, frequent nursing

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adult gynecomastia

Benign enlargement of male breast under nipple-areola

  • Weight gain, estrogen > testosterone

  • Causes: cushing’s disease, cirrhosis, adrenal disease, hyperthyroid, medications

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male breast cancer

dimpling, nipple deviation, painless palpable mass, nipple discharge, men diagnosed late

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barrel chest

1:1 AP:T

  • common in COPD and emphysema

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pectus carinatum

bowing out from the sternum

  • not an issue, no treatment

46
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pectus excavatum

pigeon hole in sternum

  • not an issue, no treatment

47
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scoliosis

S curve in spine, uneven shoulders and scapula

  • can impact lungs

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kyphosis

hunchback, curve of upper thoracic spine

  • impacts upper lung lobes

49
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fine crackles

High-pitched, short crackling or popping

  • Usually during inspiration, not cleared by cough

  • Due to air entering deflated airways and the alveoli are popping open

  • discontinous

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coarse crackles

Loud, low-pitched bubbling or gurgling

  • May improve with suctioning or coughing

  • Start in inspiration, may extend to expiration

  • Due to air moving through secretions or fluid

  • discontinuous

51
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pleural friction rub

Superficial sound, coarse, low-pitched, rubbing

  • Due to pleural inflammation causing tissue to rub together on inspiration

  • discontinuous

52
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wheeze

High-pitched, musical squeaking

  • Usually on expiration, can be on inspiration

  • Due to air moving through narrowed airways

53
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rhonchi

Low-pitched snoring sound

  • Heard throughout cycle, may clear somewhat with coughing

  • due to airflow obstruction, often secondary to secretions

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stridor

High-pitched, inspiratory sound louder in neck than over chest

  • Narrowing of upper airway due to inflammation or foreign body

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normal cervix

pink, smooth, moist, midline with round opening (the os)

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nuliparous cervix

Never gave birth, small round os

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parous cervix

After childbirth, slit-like os

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unilateral transverse cervix

half side horizontal slit os

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bilateral transverse cervix

full horizontal slit os

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stellate cervix

Star-shape os, possibly from childbirth

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cervical eversion

Inner part of the cervix turns outward, common, benign

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nabothian cyst

Small, yellow or white bumps filled with mucus around os, normal especially after childbirth

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abnormalities on the female external genitalia

STIs (crabs), herpes simplex virus, syphilitic chancre

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cystocele

bladder drops in vaginal wall due to weak muscle

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rectocele

rectum pushes into vaginal wall

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uterine prolapse

uterus descends outside vaginal canal

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cervical cyanosis

bluish cervix, often in pregnancy due to increased blood flow

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cervical erosion

areas where cervical tissue looks raw or red due to irritation or infection

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cervical polyp

small, benign growth on cervix that may cause spotting

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diethylstilbestrol (DES) syndrome

condition seen in women whose mother took DES drug that cause abnormalities in cervix causing cognitive and behavioral symptoms

71
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cervical cancer

cause bleeding, dysplasia, found during pap smear

72
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atrophic vaginitis

occurs in postmenopausal women, due to low estrogen

  • Tissue becomes thin, dry and more prone to irritation/infection

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candidiasis/moniliasis

yeast infection, caused by yeast overgrowth, thickened white discharge, itchy

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trichomoniasis

STI, frothy green discharge, strong odor

75
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bacterial vaginosis

imbalance of normal vaginal bacteria, fishy odor, discharge

76
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ambiguous genitalia

external genital doesn’t appear to male or female

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vulvovaginitis in children

inflammation of vulva and vagina, poor hygiene, causes redness, itchy, abnormal discharge

78
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acute salpingitis

fallopian tube mass

79
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ectopic pregnancy

fallopian tube mass, egg implants in fallopian tube, medical emergency

80
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ovarian cyst

fluctuant ovarian mass, feels soft and fluid filled

81
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ovarian cancer

solid ovarian mass, get further evaluation

82
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polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

multiple small cysts on ovaries, causes hormonal imbalance, irregular periods, infertility

83
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uterine enlargement

  • Pregnancy

  • Myomas (leiomyomas, uterine fibroids)

  • Carcinoma of the endometrium (cancer of uterine lining)

  • Endometriosis

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endometriosis

  • uterine lining tissue growth outside of the uterus, causes enlargement, tenderness