Jeepney note Leyla psych assess

What is psychological testing?

Measuring psychology-related variables by means of devices or procedures, usually numerical.

What is psychological assessment?

Gathering and integrating psychology-related variables through a variety of tools; broader than testing.

Examples of psychological assessment types?

Educational, retrospective, ecological momentary, collaborative, therapeutic, dynamic.

4 specific item analysis components?

Reliability, validity, item discrimination, item difficulty/easiness.

Difference between technical vs. ethical test administration?

Technical = technical manual (how to administer); Ethical = APA guidelines.

Goldfinger’s 6-step model of assessment?

1. Referral, 2. Analyze context, 3. Gather/interpret, 4. Assess data needs, 5. Draw conclusions, 6. Communicate findings.

Tools of psychological assessment?

Tests, interviews, case history data, behavioral observation, role play, computers.

Who linked physical traits with intelligence?

Francis Galton.

Who said intelligence can be determined using language?

Jean Esquirol.

Who developed the form board (early Montessori toy)?

Edouard Seguin.

Who founded the APA Commission?

G.S. Hall.

First intelligence test?

Binet-Simon Intelligence Test.

Who developed the Stanford-Binet?

Lewis Terman.

Army Alpha vs. Army Beta tests?

Alpha = literate recruits; Beta = illiterate recruits.

Who pioneered vocational counseling?

Frank Parsons.

Difference between fluid vs. crystallized intelligence (Wechsler)?

Fluid = not taught, reasoning ability; Crystallized = taught knowledge.

Who made the Strong Vocational Interest Blank?

Edward Strong.

First structured personality screening test for WWI recruits?

Woodworth Personal Data Sheet.

Who created the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Herman Rorschach.

Who developed the Thematic Apperception Test?

Henry Murray.

What are similarities among psychological tests?

Require behavior, measure attributes, predict behavior.

Differences among psychological tests?

Behavior performed; attribute measured/outcome predicted; content; administration/format; scoring/interpretation; psychometric quality.

Dimensions measured by tests?

Achievement = past learning, Intelligence = current learning, Aptitude = future learning, Interests, Personality.

Standardized vs Nonstandardized tests?

Standardized = norm group tested; Nonstandardized = no standardization sample.

Objective vs Projective tests?

Objective = structured (MCQ, T/F); Projective = unstructured/ambiguous stimuli.

Settings where assessments are conducted?

Educational, clinical, counseling, geriatric, business/military, government/org, academic research.

Test user qualifications Level A?

Lowest, no license needed (e.g., school quizzes).

Test user qualifications Level B?

Require psychometrician license/technical knowledge; group & individual tests.

Test user qualifications Level C?

Highest, requires psychologist license or supervision; only individual-administered tests.

DSM-I description?

Included 106 diagnoses in 3 broad categories.

DSM-II description?

185 diagnoses in 11 categories.

DSM-III description?

265 diagnoses, multiaxial approach.

DSM-IV / DSM-IV-TR description?

365 diagnoses, 5 axes (I: clinical, II: personality/MR, III: medical, IV: psychosocial/env, V: GAF).

DSM-5 / DSM-5-TR description?

Single axis, 70 mental disorders.

Subtypes vs Specifiers vs Severity in DSM?

Subtype = choose one; Specifiers = pick many; Severity = choose accurate level.

Provisional diagnosis?

Likely to meet criteria but insufficient data yet.

Principal diagnosis?

First diagnosis upon admission/visit.

Pseudo-diagnosis?

False diagnosis made by unqualified person.

Misdiagnosis?

Incorrect by qualified professional due to incomplete/misleading info.

Missed diagnosis?

Condition not diagnosed despite available info.

Comorbidity?

Co-occurrence of 2 or more diagnoses.

Measurement definition?

Assigning numbers/symbols to characteristics.

Continuous vs Discrete scale?

Continuous = infinite values; Discrete = finite/countable values.

Error vs Mistake?

Error = knows but still wrong; Mistake = no idea, wrong.

Levels of measurement (NOIR)?

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.

Measures of central tendency?

Mean, Median, Mode.

Measures of variability?

Range, Standard Deviation, Variance.

Skewness types?

Positive (mean highest), Negative (mode highest), Symmetrical (normal).

Kurtosis types?

Mesokurtic (0), Leptokurtic (>0), Platykurtic (

Normal curve also called?

Laplace-Gaussian Curve.

Z score formula?

Z = (X - M) / SD.

Other standard scores?

T (M=50, SD=10), Stanine (M=5, SD=2), Sten (M=5.5, SD=2), IQ (M=100, SD=15).

Assumptions about testing?

Traits exist; traits quantifiable; test behavior predicts non-test behavior; tests have strengths/weaknesses; errors exist; fair/unbiased; benefit society.

Standardization?

Administering test to representative sample to establish norms.

Sampling types?

Probability (random, stratified, cluster) vs Non-probability (convenience, quota, snowball).

Norms?

Common behavior used as reference in norm-referenced testing.

Psychometric soundness?

Reliability = consistency, Validity = accuracy.

Reliability estimates?

Test-retest, parallel/alternate forms, split-half, inter-item, KR20/21, alpha, inter-scorer.

True score models?

CTT, Domain Sampling, Generalizability, IRT.

Trinitarian views of validity?

Content, Criterion, Construct.

Content validity?

Expert judgment on domain coverage, CVI scoring sheet.

Criterion-related validity?

Concurrent (same time), Predictive (future).

Construct validity?

Mother of validity; relates test to theory, uses convergent/divergent evidence.

Face validity?

By participants; looks like it measures intended construct.

Predictive validity issues?

Base rate, Hit rate (TP/TN), Miss rate (FP/FN).

Factor analysis?

Mathematical procedure to identify latent variables; exploratory vs confirmatory; factor loading.

Test bias?

Factor preventing impartial measurement.

Rating errors?

Leniency, central tendency, severity.

Halo effect?

Overgeneralizing from one positive trait to others.

Test fairness?

Used in impartial, just, equitable way.

Inferential statistics types?

Correlation, Regression, Test of Difference.

Parametric test normality tests?

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (≥50), Shapiro-Wilk (

Levene’s test result interpretation?

> .05 = homogenous (not significant); < .05 = heterogenous (significant).

Correlation types?

Pearson r, Spearman, Kendall’s W, Point-biserial, Biserial, Tetrachoric, Phi.

Regression types?

Linear, Multiple linear, Logistic, Multinomial, Ordinal.

Parametric vs Nonparametric test of difference?

Parametric = normal, interval/ratio; Nonparametric = any distribution, ordinal/nominal.

Parametric test examples?

Paired t-test, Ranova, Unpaired t-test, One/Two-way ANOVA.

Nonparametric test examples?

Wilcoxon, Friedman, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis.

Other ANOVA types?

One-way, Two-way, ANCOVA, MANCOVA, One-way MANOVA, Two-way MANOVA.

Descriptive research methods?

Case study, survey, naturalistic observation.

Correlational research features?

Relationships, not causation; predictor vs outcome variable; scatterplot; positive/negative correlation.

Experimental research features?

Manipulates IV, measures DV; establishes causation.

Purpose of assessment reports?

Answer referral, provide therapy insight, assist conceptualization, suggest interventions, court decisions, etc.

Implicit vs explicit referral reasons?

Implicit = uncovered during process; Explicit = stated by referral source.

Cultural competence?

Awareness, knowledge, skills appropriate to culture.

Acculturation strategies?

Assimilation, separation, marginalization, integration.

Steps in gathering assessment info?

1. Identify referral Q, 2. Learn problem, 3. Review records, 4. Identify domains, 5. Select tools, 6. Administer, 7. Check reliability/validity.

Intelligence definition?

Ability to acquire/apply knowledge, reason, plan, infer, judge, solve, adapt, etc.

Perspectives on intelligence?

Interactionism, Factor-analytic, Information-processing.

Mental status exam components?

Appearance, behavior, mood, affect, speech, thought process/content, perception, cognition, insight/judgment.

Steps to integrate data?

Find focus, identify domains, organize data, handle disparities, answer referral Q, make recommendations.