Agriculture Vocab

Animal Husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals

Cash Cropping

Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.

Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness)

System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.

Commercial Crops

A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.

Domestication of Plants

Domesticating plants for human use

Double Cropping

Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.

Fallow

When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored

uncropped land.

GMOs

Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes

Genetically Modified Organisms.

Intensive Farming

Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land.

Labor-intensive Crops

Includes fruits

Labor-intensive Animals

Animals that require constant tending

Monoculture

Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

Mechanization

In agriculture

Market Gardens

Small scale production of fruits

Primary Economy

Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting

Plantation Agriculture

Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.

Salinization

The salt content in the soil.

Suitcase Farmers

A suitcase farm is a farm in which no one reside permanently

they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site.

Spring Wheat

Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.

Sustainable Yield

Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.

Transhumance

Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.

Winter Wheat

Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer.

Von Thunen Model

Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.

Green Revolution

An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution

Communes

A group of people living together and sharing processions.

Examples of Primary Economic Sectlors

Raising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton

Examples of Secondary Economic Sectors

Milk

Examples of Tertiary Economic Sectors

Corporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist

Aggregated Production Process

Raw Material------Product------Selling

Disaggregated Production Process

Cheapest Material-----Cheap Labor-----Mental Human Capacity

Cheapest material come from ???

Africa: Minerals

4 Asian Tigers

(Hong Kong

Baby Asian Tigers

(Indonesia

Central America and NW South America domesticated what?

Manioc(root crop)

SE Asia domesticated what?

Yams

Western Africa domesticated what?

Millet(China)

S. Mexico domesticated what?

squash

SW Asia domesticated what?

Wheat

1st Agric Revo Location

Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent

1st Agric Revo Change

Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming

1st Agric Revo Impact

Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers

2nd Agric Revo Location

England

2nd Agric Revo Sustained by...

Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices

2nd Agric Revo Before I.R

Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot

3rd Agric Revo Defintion

new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers

How to increase GMOs

1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals

2. Irrigation system

3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides

4. Purchase machines to keep up with production

5. Need a receptive environment

6. Need receptive commodity markets

7. Barriers to implementation Poor

Shifting Cultivation Location

Subtropics and Tropics

Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics

Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients

Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density

Slash-and-Burn Akas

Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm)

SAB Past

Sustainable Not many high population densities No commercial farming

SAB Present

Numbers decreasing due to population explosion Cannot leave fallow as long so soil is not nutritious Malnourishment increasing Competition for land use increasing Government policies Enacting environmental laws prohibiting them

Nomadism

Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land

Commercial Farming Positives

Increase yield Keeps food costs low

Commercial Farming Negatives

Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi

Livestock Ranching

Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop

Dairying

Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid

Mixed livestock and grain

Raise domesticated animals and growing feed

Commercial Grain Farming

Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt

Market Gardening

Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor

Mediterranean

Dry summers High rainfall needed France

Plantation farming

Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops

Cash Crop Examples

Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean

Coffee

Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it

Tea

Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations

Illegal Drugs

Marijuana

What two factors influenced Von Thunen model?

Perishability and Transport Costs

Von Thunen ring outside city(1)

Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market

Von Thunen ring (2)

Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock

Von Thunen ring (3)

Food grains and cash crops

Von Thunen ring (4)

Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land

Von Thunen assumptions

Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation

Von Thunen factors that decrease the model

Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used

Horizontal integration

Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries

Vertical integration

One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment

Double cropping

Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation

Triple cropping

Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation

Vertical farming

Urban

Animal husbandry

Care of domesticated animals

Organic Farming

o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides

Truck Farms

Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies

Staple Grains

wheat

potatoes

yams

economies of scale

factors that cause a producer's average cost per unit to fall as output rises