Heimler APWH Unit 6

Nationalism

___ is a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, and social customs. It is often linked to a desire for territory. With the rise of ___ came a degree to achieve great power status of the world stage, which led to increasing competition among various states to build the largest empire.

Social

Biological Darwinism says the only the fittest survive in nature, and the main reason they survive is because those species have better adapted themselves to the environment. ___ Darwinism applied the laws of nature to society and politics.

Industrial

___ powers believed because they became the richest and most powerful across the globe, they had adapted to the environment better than non-___ states.

scientific

Strong, industrial nations used the concept of ___ racism to divide the world people into various races, and then to rank them hierarchically which provided significant justification to imperialize the “inferior” races.

civilizing

The ___ mission was a sense of duty imperial nations felt to develop all those peoples whom they were conquering.

Burden

“The White Man’s ___” by Rudyard Kipling claims that the white man has the responsibly to serve the lower races, which are deemed half devil and half child.

Christianity

Part of the civilizing mission was also the impulse to convert colonized people to ___ which they did by establishing western style schools. Imperial states intended this education and religious instruction to suppress indigenous culture and religion.

rubber

King Leopold II claimed the Belgian Congo for himself since the Belgian state wasn’t interested. He held it with authoritarian rule and exploited the land for raw materials, most notably ___, and brutalized the population to get it. This brutalization got so severe that the Belgian government rook the colony away from him and brought it firmly under state control.

diplomacy

Otto von Bismarck of Germany called the Berlin Conference because there was growing competition among industrial states to imperialize Africa, and it was given that such competition would result in many bloody wars. By the end, they utilized ___ by carving up nearly the whole continent into European colonial holdings. Since this included zero input from any African leaders, the drawing of boundaries throughout Africa combined rival groups and divided unified groups.

warfare

European states also expanded their empires with ___. In the beginning of the 19th century, the British ousted the Dutch for control of South Africa. Many Dutch Afrikaners remained living there, so over the course of the century, the British provoked several conflicts with the Dutch who reminded, culminating the Boer Wars.

settler colonies

The British utilized ___ to takeover Australia and New Zealand. Once Britain had control, massive waves of settlers came in to population the regions, establishing a kind of neo-European society and introducing diseases that killed huge swaths of the indigenous population.

Manifest Destiny

The United States participated in 19th century imperialism of neighbors in their desire for westward expansion, called ___. They believed it was their God given right to possess all the territory from the East to the West Coast. As they pushed further and further west, they encountered many of the indigenous peoples who still lived there. Ultimately, these people lost the flight and were corralled into reservations and US expansion reached the West Coast by the end of the 19th century.

Spanish-American War

The United States participated in over-seas imperialism when as a result of ___, they gained control of the Philippines and several other Pacific territories. This illustrated that older imperial powers, like the Spanish and Portuguese, were declining in power and influence as these new states expanded.

Pan-Slavism

When Russia lost the Crimean War, two powerful desires sprang to life in the Russian chest, an ideology known as ___ and a desire to achiever great power status on the world stage. ___ was a militant political doctrine that aimed to unite all Slavic people under Russian rule. Russia was able to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean and south into the Kazakh steppe lands and Uzbek states and west into the Caucasus mountain region.

Meiji Restoration

Due to its rapid industrialization during the ___, Japan had laid thousands of miles of railroad and quickly modernized its military. They sought to build an empire like other industrial powers, so it expanded its sphere of influence over Korea, Manchuria, and part of China.

Economic imperialism

___ is the act of one state extending control over another state by economic means. The British utilized ___ over China, which was declining in influence by the 19th century mainly because they did not industrialize. The Chinese lost the First and Second Opium Wars to the British, showing that industrial might always wins, and were forced to ocean trading ports to western powers.

First Opium War

The British experienced a huge demand for goods like porcelain, silk, and especially tea; however, there was next to nothing the Chinese wanted to buy from the British, so all of Britain’s silver was accumulating in China. To rectify the imbalance, Britain increased their opium production in India, but Chinese authorities decided to ban further importation of this highly addictive drug. When they went as fat as destroying opium shipments in the port of Canton, the ___ was initiated.

Treaty of Nanjing

After the British won the First Opium War and demonstrated that industrial might always wins, they forced the Chinese to sign the ___ which was very much in favor of British interest and forced China to open more trading ports to the British. This arrangement gave European states a distinct economic advantage in China since the treaty made clear that Chinese authorities could in no way stop the importation of opium.

United Fruit Company

The ___, an American company that took over several Latin America territories and organized their economies around the export of fruit, is an example of economic imperialism in Latin America. In Costa Rica, the ___ made a deal to control acreage for 99 years and in return, build railroads and shipping ports to export goods. This was much in favor of the US on account of the intense economic control it was able to wield as a result of this arrangement.

economics of imperialism

Economic imperialism refers to a method states used to extend control over various places, while the ___ is how global economics changes as a result of the larger development of imperialism.

export economy

Many colonial economies were transformed into an ___, an economy that is arranged around the export of commodities. Before imperial states showed up, the economies of places such as India, the Congo, and South Africa were designed to be self-sufficient. In order for a single economy to support an entire people, there had to a variety of economic activity, but when imperial states took over, they got rid of this diversity.

first

States created export economies because their whole motivation for conquering and maintaining a colonial territory was to get access to raw materials, which was also a big motivation for the ___ wave of imperialism. They narrowed the scope of their colonial economies to export only a handful of goods that the imperial state desired or needed to manufacture goods. For example, in the previous period, the Spanish reorganized the economy of Santo Domingo around sugar exports which required huge plantations to feed their growing urban populations.

cotton

India had massive fields that were great for growing ___, so the British largely transformed their economy to focus on ___ exports. The profits that colonial states gained from the sale of these commodities were often used to purchase manufactured goods exported from their imperial parents. This benefitted the empire since they were the ones selling mass produced goods to their colonies.

transportation

People were able to migrate easily during this period because of the abundance of new and cheap ___ technologies like railroads and steamships. Due to the access to that ___, some migrants used the opportunity to return home from the places to which they migrated.

demographic

Significant ___ change cause migration to spike. The European population was exploding due to increasing lifespans. People needed jobs to earn their living, and because there was a limited amount of jobs in rural areas, people migrated in large numbers to industrial cities to find work.

Natural disasters

___ disasters like famines presented challenges to existing patterns of living. The Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s led to the immigration of millions of Irish people to find other places where they could eat. Many relocated to the eastern cities of the US.

enslaved

While some migrants made a free choice to relocate for work, the increasing globalization of the world’s economy was built and largely operation on cheap or ___ labor.

indentured servitude

With most states abolishing slavery in the 19th century, ___ became the semi-coerced labor system of many imperial states. Because poverty was a growing concern in India and China, the British government facilitated the migration of indentured Indians to various parts of their empire and indentured Chinese to work their mines in Malaysia. These contracts were often presented to workers in languages they barely or did not know, so they had no knowledge of the stipulations to which they were agreeing.

convict labor

The British and French established penal colonies in Australia and French Guiana where they utilized ___ labor to complete difficult imperial projects, most notably railroads.

imbalance

Increased migration led to a significant gender ___. Majority of migrants leaving to find work were mean which left an abundance of women who assumed many of the roles traditionally reserved for me.

enclaves

Increased migration in receiving societies led to ethnic ___, a geographic area with a high concentration of people of the same ethnicity in a foreign culture. Chinese migrants in Southeast Asia clustered together and became key players in the colonial economy, while Indians who migrated to Mauritius and Natal were both Hindu and Muslim and practiced both religions together. The development of ethnic ___ introduced receiving societies to new cultural traits like food or various forms of religion.

nativism

A negative social effect of increased migration on the receiving societies was ___, a desire to protect the interests of native born people against minority populations. This ideology was rooted in ethnic and racial prejudice, like Irish immigrant tot he US who were marginalized for being Catholic and Chinese immigrants to the US who were also marginalized for being deemed a lower race.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Nativism was a form of social darwinism, so it was often manifested in government policies that sought to restrict the flow of immigrants. The US congress passed the ___ which effectively cut off the flow of Chinese immigrants, despite the fact that their work was instrumental in constructing railroads that connected the United States’ vast territory.

Enlightenment

In the civilizing mission, imperial powers sought to bring the “child races” western education. Since western education taught ___ ideas like popular sovereignty and natural rights, colonial peoples began to question why one state would have the right to conquer and control another states and entirely rule their self-determination.

War of the Golden Stool

An example of direct resistance to industrial powers was the ___ in West Africa. The Asante Kingdom possessed a golden stool which for them was a symbol of their national unity and whoever sat upon that stool had the right to rule over their people. In an effort to expand their colonial holdings on the Gold Coast, the British decided that if they found and sat on the stool then the Asante people would accept the as their rightful ruler. Instead, the queen mother rallied her people to fight back and resist British intrusion; however, over a series of five conflict which led to severe casualties, the industrial weaponry of the British won.

Cherokee Natiom

Indigenous peoples created new states at the periphery of growing imperial states as a form of resistance, such as the ___. Before the US manifested their entire destiny across North America, they forcibly removed many Native Americas and relocated them in the frontier where very few settlements had been established. In the Oklahoma Territory, the Cherokee arranged their own government and were able to retain their culture to a limited degree.

Xhosa Cattle Killing Movement

Indigenous people started rebellions against imperialism that were influenced by religious ideas, like the ___ in South Africa. As the coastal people of South Africa lost more and more territory to the British, many of the coastal cattle had become sick, possibly because of contact with European diseases. In the middle of the century, a religious movement arose that was built around a prophecy which claimed that if they would slaughter all their cattle, then new healthy cattle would arise to replace them and the imperial invaders would be driven away by the ancestral dead of the coast. Over the course of a few years on the coast, hundred of thousands of coastal cattle were killed and instead of the prophecy coming true, large portions of their people died from starvation and the british established complete control over the territory.