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Alexander Graham Bell
a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone
Steel
an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron
Pendleton Civil Service Act
passed in 1883, created a federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
Westward Settlement
expansion of the United States into the territory west of the Mississippi River
The Great Strikes
a series of labor union strikes in the late 1800s, most of which resulted in violence and failed because the owners used extreme tactics to end them, and the government often took the side of the owners against the unions
Americanization
belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
Homestead Act
1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years
Railroads
networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds
Immigration
international movement of people to a destination country of which they are not natives or where they do not possess citizenship in order to settle as permanent residents or naturalized citizens
Labor Unions
organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages
Chinese Exclusion Act
(1882) denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate
Andrew Carnegie
a Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892, dominated the American steel industry.
Little Bighorn
a battle in Montana near the Little Bighorn River between United States cavalry under Custer and several groups of Native Americans (1876)
Trusts
firms or corporations that combine for the purpose of reducing competition and controlling prices (establishing a monopoly)
Edwin Drake
American pioneer in oil industry; became first to drill for petroleum
Robber Barons
refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages and drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it
Dawes Act
1887 law which gave all Native American males 160 acres to farm and also set up schools to make Native American children more like other Americans
Sweatshops
a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.
The Grange Movement
a movement for social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century
Ranching
form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures
Free Silver
political issue involving the unlimited coinage of silver, supported by farmers and William Jennings Bryan
Jane Addams
founder of Settlement House Movement and was first American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
John D. Rockefeller
an American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy
Tenements
urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers, were often poorly constructed and overcrowded
Social Darwinism
belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle
Tammany Hall
a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism
Child Labor
the use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane
Patronage
granting favors, giving contracts, or making appointments to office in return for political support
Social Gospel
movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization
Urbanization
an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements
Jim Crow
laws written to separate blacks and whites in public areas/meant African Americans had unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government
Boss Tweed
leader of the Democratic Tammany Hall, New York political machine
Political Machine
a party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity
Monopoly
the exclusive possession or control of the supply or trade in a commodity or service
Standard Oil
established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller
Ellis Island
an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States