Evolution Ultimatum

Darwin

Main dude of evolution, proposed idea of evolution via natural selection

Natural selection

Nature dictates which organisms will survive and reproduce the best.

• driving force to evolution

• All about an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

Natural Selection: OVERPRODUCTION

Reproduce more than can survive

Natural Selection: VARIATION

Organisms within the population vary

Natural Selection: SELECTION

Some organisms survive and reproduce better than others/they are more fit

Natural Selection: ADAPTATION

Genes of the more fit organisms start to increase in the population

Evolution

Descent with modification with genetic inheritance

EVOLUTION: Stabilizing Selection

The average phenotype is selected for

EVOLUTION: Directional Selection

One extreme phenotype is selected for

EVOLUTION: Disruptive Selection

Both extremes are selected for

Gene flow

Immigration/Emigration of genes in a population

Immigration

Individuals moving into an area and bringing their genes with them

Emigration

Individuals leaving an area thus removing their contribution of genes to the population

Gene pool

All the genes/alleles in a population (small genes pools are bad)

The Founder Effect

A small population leaves to colonize a new area (brining only their genes with them) (Blue Fugate Family)

Bottleneck

A natural disaster occurs and the survivors are the ones who reproduce

Species

A group of closely related organism that are very similar to each other

Speciation

The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Allopatric

Two populations do the same species become isolated from each other due to geographical changes

Sympatric

Two populations of the same species live in the same geographic location but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed

Post-zygotic

Fertilization will occur: offspring can’t reproduce/offspring will not survive/OR embryo will not develop

Pre-zygotic

Fertilization will not occur

Behavioral Isolation

Individual develop different behaviors

Temporal Isolation

Populations in the same habitat reproduce at different times

Habitat Isolation

Organism lives in the same area but occupy a different habitat

Hardy Weinberg Law

1) No mutation

2) Populations are large

3) No gene flow

4) No natural selection

5) Mating is random

Homologous structures

Structures look familiar because they share a common ancestor

Analogous structures

Structures look familiar because the structures are used for the same function (not from common ancestor)

Vestigial structures

A structure we don’t use anymore (appendix), but we still have it our bodies, so out ancestors must have needed it

Molecular/DNA

If two species have similar DNA sequences, they share a common ancestor and must have changed over time into different species

Fossils

Resemble species we see today, they show change over time

Geography

Species in similar environments deal with similar pressures to adapt in the same way

Embryos

Embryos look the same in earthy stages, so they must share a common ancestor in the past

Homologous Structures show…

Common ancestors; similar among species

ADAPTATION: Camouflage

Blending in with your surroundings

ADAPTATION: Mimicry

Pretending to be something you’re not

ADAPTATION: Defense Mechanism

Something to combat your predator to defend yourself

ADAPTATION: Sexual Selection

Female choice drives the evolution process— females only mate with certain males that have the traits they like, so the males develop weird structures or behaviors to impress the females. Since only those specific males’ genes get passed on, it changes the genetics of the population

Coevolution

Organisms adapt/evolve in response to one another

Artificial Selection

Unnatural selection - humans selectively breed organism the way we want. It’s not the environment doing it, it’s humans doing it

Pesticide Resistance

Some may have a mutation for resistance/ ones with resistance survive and reproduce/ they pass down resistance gene// whole population is resistant