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Darwin
Main dude of evolution, proposed idea of evolution via natural selection
Natural selection
Nature dictates which organisms will survive and reproduce the best.
driving force to evolution
All about an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce
Natural Selection: OVERPRODUCTION
Reproduce more than can survive
Natural Selection: VARIATION
Organisms within the population vary
Natural Selection: SELECTION
Some organisms survive and reproduce better than others/they are more fit
Natural Selection: ADAPTATION
Genes of the more fit organisms start to increase in the population
Evolution
Descent with modification with genetic inheritance
EVOLUTION: Stabilizing Selection
The average phenotype is selected for
EVOLUTION: Directional Selection
One extreme phenotype is selected for
EVOLUTION: Disruptive Selection
Both extremes are selected for
Gene flow
Immigration/Emigration of genes in a population
Immigration
Individuals moving into an area and bringing their genes with them
Emigration
Individuals leaving an area thus removing their contribution of genes to the population
Gene pool
All the genes/alleles in a population (small genes pools are bad)
The Founder Effect
A small population leaves to colonize a new area (brining only their genes with them) (Blue Fugate Family)
Bottleneck
A natural disaster occurs and the survivors are the ones who reproduce
Species
A group of closely related organism that are very similar to each other
Speciation
The formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
Allopatric
Two populations do the same species become isolated from each other due to geographical changes
Sympatric
Two populations of the same species live in the same geographic location but they evolve differently until they can no longer interbreed
Post-zygotic
Fertilization will occur: offspring can’t reproduce/offspring will not survive/OR embryo will not develop
Pre-zygotic
Fertilization will not occur
Behavioral Isolation
Individual develop different behaviors
Temporal Isolation
Populations in the same habitat reproduce at different times
Habitat Isolation
Organism lives in the same area but occupy a different habitat
Hardy Weinberg Law
1) No mutation
2) Populations are large
3) No gene flow
4) No natural selection
5) Mating is random
Homologous structures
Structures look familiar because they share a common ancestor
Analogous structures
Structures look familiar because the structures are used for the same function (not from common ancestor)
Vestigial structures
A structure we don’t use anymore (appendix), but we still have it our bodies, so out ancestors must have needed it
Molecular/DNA
If two species have similar DNA sequences, they share a common ancestor and must have changed over time into different species
Fossils
Resemble species we see today, they show change over time
Geography
Species in similar environments deal with similar pressures to adapt in the same way
Embryos
Embryos look the same in earthy stages, so they must share a common ancestor in the past
Homologous Structures show…
Common ancestors; similar among species
ADAPTATION: Camouflage
Blending in with your surroundings
ADAPTATION: Mimicry
Pretending to be something you’re not
ADAPTATION: Defense Mechanism
Something to combat your predator to defend yourself
ADAPTATION: Sexual Selection
Female choice drives the evolution process— females only mate with certain males that have the traits they like, so the males develop weird structures or behaviors to impress the females. Since only those specific males’ genes get passed on, it changes the genetics of the population
Coevolution
Organisms adapt/evolve in response to one another
Artificial Selection
Unnatural selection - humans selectively breed organism the way we want. It’s not the environment doing it, it’s humans doing it
Pesticide Resistance
Some may have a mutation for resistance/ ones with resistance survive and reproduce/ they pass down resistance gene// whole population is resistant
